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Zdravstveno-higijenske navike Roma u Knjaževačkoj opštini
Health and sanitary habits of the Roma population in the municipality of Knjaževac
aZdravstveni centar Knjaževac, Služba za zdravstvenu zaštitu predškolske i školske dece sa medicinom sporta i savetovalištem za mlade, Knjaževac bUniverzitet u Nišu, Medicinski fakultet cDom zdravlja, Zaječar dCentar za radno angažovanje mladih, Knjaževac eZdravstveni centar Knjaževac, Služba hitne medicinske pomoći, Knjaževac fDom zdravlja, Doljevac + Univerzitet u Nišu, Medicinski fakultet gFarmaceutska ustanova 'Lilly Drogerija', Niš hZdravstveni centar Knjaževac, Dečije odeljenje, Knjaževac
e-adresa: draganamitrovic1981@gmail.com
Sažetak
Romi su marginalna grupa, nedovoljno uključena u različite segmente socijalnog života. Život Roma, od dolaska na teritoriju Evrope, bio je propraćen raznim teškoćama. Zbog fizičkih i kulturnih razlika, čitav narod je bio izložen stigmatizaciji i diskriminaciji. Cilj rada je da prikaže zdravstvenohigijenske navike Roma u knjaževačkoj Opštini. Materijal i metode rada: anketiranje Roma je obavljeno u toku marta 2016. godine, bilo je anonimno i obavljeno je od strane dr Dragane Mitrović i Ljubinke Simić (koordinator za Rome). Anketu je kreirala dr Dragana Mitrović, lekar na specijalizaciji iz Pedijatrije. Anketirano je 95 Roma iz romskog naselja u Knjaževcu, starosti od 15 do 65 godina, po metodi slučajnog uzorka. Anketa se sastoji od 11 pitanja. Rezultati i diskusija: Od 95 ispitanih Roma, 49 (51,6%) su ženskog, a 46 (48,4%) su muškog pola. Od svih ispitanika, najviše ih je sa osnovnim obrazovanjem, njih 49 (51,6%), zatim nepismenih, 34 ( 35,8%), sa srednjim obrazovanjem ih je 7 (7,4%), 4 (4,2%) sa završenom višom školom, dok je jedan ispitanik sa visokom stručnom spremom. Cigarete puši njih 62 (65,3%) i, dok je 70 (73,7%) odgovorilo da u njihovoj porodici ima pušača. Od bronhitisa i/ili astme boluje 39 (41,1%) ispitanika i/ili njihovih članova porodice. Higijensko-sanitarni čvor u svom domu poseduje 66 (69,5%). Da se kupa jednom nedeljno, kao i svakog drugog dana, odgovorio je isti broj ispitanika, po 31 (32,6%); manji broj njih se kupa svakog dana, njih 28 (29,5%), a 2-3 puta mesečno se kupa 5 (5,3%) ispitanika. Nakon upotrebe toaleta, ruke pere 56 (58,9%) ispitanih Roma, dok njih 47 (49,5%) pere zube pastom i četkicom, redovno, dva puta dnevno. ,,Pokvarene' ili izvađene zube zbog kvara ima 76 (80%) Roma. Značenje pojma ,,kontracepcija' objasnilo je njih 53 (55,8%). Ispitanik sa visokom stručnom spremom je odgovorio da se kupa svakog dana, da pere ruke nakon upotrebe toaleta, da redovno pere i ima zdrave zube. Od svih ispitanika sa završenom višom školom, 5 (71,4%) je odgovorilo da se kupa svakog dana i da pere ruke nakon upotrebe toaleta, a 2 (28,6%) da se kupa jednom nedeljno. Svi peru redovno zube, ali 4 (57,1%) ima bolesne ili izvađene zube. Pojam kontracepcija je znalo da objasni njih 5 (71,4%). Od svih ispitanika sa osnovnim obrazovanjem, 14 (28,6%) je odgovorilo da se kupa svakog dana, 15 (30,6%) svakog drugog dana, jednom nedeljno njih 17 (34,7%), a 3 (6,1%) se kupa 2-3 puta mesečno. Redovno pere ruke nakon upotrebe toaleta njih 27 (55,1%), 27 (55,1%) redovno i pravilno pere zube, a 42 (85,7%) ima bolesne ili izvađene zube. Pojam ,,kontracepcija' pravilno je objasnio 31 (36,7%) ispitanik sa osnovnim obrazovanjem. Od onih ispitanika bez obrazovanja, nepismenih, 5 (14,7%) je odgovorilo da se kupa svakog dana, 14 (41,2%) da se kupa svakog drugog dana, 13 (38,2%) da se kupa jednom nedeljno, dok 2 (5,9%) da se kupa 2-3 puta mesečno. Redovno pere ruke nakon upotrebe toaleta njih 21 (61,8%), zube redovno i pravilno pere 8 (23,5%), bolesne i izvađene zube zbog kvara ima 29 (85,3%), a pojam ,kontracepcija' objasnilo je 13 (28,2%) nepismenih. Najveći broj ispitanika je sa osnovnim, a najmanji sa visokim obrazovanjem. Iz dobijenih rezultata ispitivanja vidimo da stepen obrazovanja utiče na sprovođenje zdravstveno-higijenskih navika. Što je stepen obrazovanja veći, učestalije je sprovođenje higijenskih procedura. Utvrđivanje zdravstvenog stanja romske populacije, poboljšanje ostvarivanja prava Roma na zdravstvenu zaštitu kroz praćenje primene Zakona o zdravstvenoj zaštiti, poboljšanje dostupnosti zdravstvene zaštite za romsku populaciju, unapređenje životnog okruženja u romskoj zajednici, zapošljavanje romskih zdravstvenih medijatorki u domovima zdravlja, unapređenje higijenskoepidemioloških uslova u romskim naseljima, povećanje obuhvata obaveznom imunizacijom, poboljšanje reproduktivnog zdravlja i prevencija hroničnih nezaraznih oboljenja, kao i senzibilizacija i edukacija zdravstvenih radnika za rad sa romskom populacijom, opismenjavanje nepismenih, podsticanje obrazovanja, osposobljavanje i zapošljavanje, uključivanje Roma u sve sfere društvenog života kao ravnopravnih članova zajednice treba da bude zadatak zdravstvenih radnika, obrazovnih institucija, institucija socijalne zaštite, lokalne samouprave, državnih organa.
Abstract
The Roma are a marginal group, insufficiently included in various segments of the social life. The life of the Roma after arriving to Europe was accompanied by various difficulties. Because of physical and cultural differences, the entire nation was subjected to stigmatization and discrimination. The aim of this study was to show health and sanitary habits of the Roma population in the municipality of Knjaževac. Materials and methods: the survey was carried out during March 2016 and it was anonymous. The research was conducted by Dr Dragan Mitrovic and Mrs. Ljubinka Simić (coordinator for the Roma population). The survey, consisting of 11 questions, was created by Dr Dragana Mitrovic, a resident at the Pediatrics. It covered 95 Romas from the Roma settlement in Knjazevac, aging 15-65. Random sampling was used. Results and Discussion: 95 Romas were surveyed, 49 (51.6%) were female and 46 (48.4%) were male. The respondents mostly had primary education, 49 of them (51.6%), followed by the illiterate, 34 (35.8%). 7 respondents (7.4%) had finished secondary school and 4 (4.2%) had finished vocational school, while one respondent finished faculty. 62 of the respondents (65.3%) were cigarette smokers while 70 (73.7%) responded that in their family there was at least one smoker. From bronchitis and/or asthma suffered 39 respondents (41.1%) and/or their family members. 66 respondents (69.5%) had indoor plumbing in their homes. 31 respondents (32.6%) answered that they have a shower once a week and other 31 (32.6%) answered that they have a shower once in two days, 28 of them (29.5%) took a bath every day, and 5 respondents (5.3%) answered that they take a bath 2-3 times per month. 56 (58.9%) of the surveyed Roma wash their hands after using the toilet, while 47 (49.5%) clean their teeth regularly using a toothpaste and a brush twice a day. Bad or extracted teeth had 76 Romas (80%). 53 of them (55.8%) were able to explain the meaning of the term 'contraception. A respondent with finished faculty education answered that he bathes every day, washes hands after using the toilet, brushes teeth regulary and has healthy teeth. Of all respondents with vocational education, 5 (71.4%) responded that they bathe every day, wash the hands after using the toilet and 2 of them (28.6%) responded that they bathe once a week. They all wash the teeth regularly, but 4 (57.1%) have bad or extracted teeth. The term 'contraception' was known to 5 respondents (71.4%). In population with primary education, 14 (28.6%) responded that they bathe every day, 15 (30.6%) every other day, 17 (34.7%) once a week, and 3 (6.1 %) 2-3 times a month. 27 of them (55.1%) wash hands regularly after using the toilet, 27 (55.1%) regularly and properly clean teeth, and 42 (85.7%) have bad or extracted teeth. The term ,,contraception' properly explained 31 respondent (36.7%) with primary education. 5 of the respondents with no education, illiterates (14.7%), responded that they bathe every day, 14 (41.2%) bathe every other day, 13 (38.2%) bathe once a week, while 2 (5.9%) bathe 2-3 times a month. 21 of them (61.8%) regularly wash hands after using the toilet, 8 respondents (23.5%) brush teeth regularly and properly, 29 (85.3%) have bad and extracted teeth, while 13 (28.2%) were able to explain the term 'contraception'.The largest number of respondents had elementary and the smallest number had higher education. From the obtained results we can see that the level of education influences the implementation of health and hygiene habits. With the increase of the levels of education, the frequency of implementation of the hygiene increases as well. Determining the health status of the Roma population, improving the realization of the their health care rights by monitoring the implementation of the health care laws, improving access to health care establishments for the Roma population, improvement of living conditions in Roma communities, involvement of Roma health mediators in health centers, improvement of sanitary and epidemiological conditions in Roma settlements, increasing mandatory immunization coverage, improving reproductive health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, as well as the sensitization and training of health workers to work with the Roma population, eradication of illiteracy, education encouragement, training and employment, the inclusion of Roma in all spheres of social life as equal members of communities should be the task of health care providers, educational and social institutions, local governments and state bodies.
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