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2019, vol. 58, br. 85, str. 225-242
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Smart ugovori - revolucija ili komplikacija?
Smart contracts: Revolution or hurdle?
Projekat: Rad je rezultat istraživanja na projektu "Usklađivanje prava Republike Srbije sa pravom EU", koji finansira Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu
Sažetak
Sinergija između računarskih programa i ugovora privlači pažnju akademskih pravnika. Opisani još 1996, smart ugovori su zaživeli sa razvojem kriptovaluta. Analizirajući radove objavljene u Evropskoj reviji privatnog prava, autor prikazuje probleme i dileme nastale digitalizacijom ugovora. Obrazložene su najvažnije vrste smart ugovora, kao i njihova primena sa imenovanim ugovorima. Bilo da se radi tek o jednom novom načinu za zaključenje i realizaciju ugovora ili o revolucionarnoj promeni, automatsko ispunjenje ugovorne obaveze i nepromenljivost smart ugovora dubinski menjaju postojeću ugovornu praksu. Klasični pojmovi, kao što su uslovi nastanka ugovora, tumačenje i nemogućnost ispunjenja, dobijaju nova značenja i funkcije. Zaštita ugovarača, potrošača i javnog poretka online zahteva reformu propisa, ali paralelno treba zagovarati i prilagođavanje tehnologije pravnim poslovima. Smart ugovor je uporediv sa automatom za uličnu prodaju, nepromenljiv je i funkcioniše na blockchain-u. Nema veštačku inteligenciju, a osporeno je i njegovo pravno dejstvo. Ipak, smart ugovori nose veliki potencijal, olakšavaju pravni promet i smanjuju rizik povrede ugovorne obaveze.
Abstract
The synergy between computer programs and contract law has generated considerable attention among legal scholars. Smart contracts were first theoretically described in 1996 but they came to life in 2009, with the development of cryptocurrencies. Relying on the papers published in the European Journal of Private Law, the author presents the problems and dilemmas arising from contract digitalization. Irrespective of whether smart contracts are perceived as a revolutionary change in contract law or just as a new mode of concluding and executing a contract, the automatic performance of a contractual obligation and the immutability of smart contracts profoundly affect the existing contractual practices. Traditional concepts such as contract formation, interpretation and inability to perform have acquired new meanings and functions. Online protection of contracting parties, consumers and the public order requires a regulatory reform but it is also essential to adapt technology to the intrinsic nature of legal transactions in order to meet juristic requirements. A smart contract is comparable to a vending machine: it is immutable and blockchain-based. The paper focuses on the most important types of smart contracts, their characteristics and application. Smart contracts lack artificial intelligence and their legal effects have been challenged. However, smart contracts have a great potential in terms of facilitating legal transactions and reducing the risk of contractual breach.
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Reference
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*** (1993) Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5. April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. OJ, L 095; 21/04/1993
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*** (2004) Regulation establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights. (EC) No 261/2004. OJ, L 046; 17/02/2004; 1 - 8
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Borgogno, O. (2019) Smart contracts as the (new) power of the powerless?: The stakes for consumers. European Review of Private Law, 6; 885-902
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Cannarsa, M. (2018) Interpretation of contracts and smart contracts: Smart interpretation or interpretation of smart contracts?. European Review of Private Law, Vol. 26, No. 6; 773-785
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Cvetković, M. (2018) Novčane obaveze i kriptovalute. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Nišu, vol. 57, br. 81, str. 119-138
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de Caria, R. (2019) The legal meaning of smart contracts. European Review of Private Law, 731-752
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Dimatteo, L.A., Poncibó, C. (2019) Quandary of smart contracts and remedies: The role of contract law and self-help remedies. European Review of Private Law, 805-824
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Durović, M.D., Anssen, A.J. (2019) The formation of blockchain-based smart contracts in the light of contract law 2: The main threads of argument regarding smart contracts in the legal scholar. European Review of Private Law, 753-771
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Muka, T.L.-D. (2019) Contract law and smart contracts: Property and security rights issues. European Review of Private Law, 871-883
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Tjin, T.T.E. (2018) Force majeure and excuses in smart contracts. European Review of Private Law, 6-2019; 787-804
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