2017, vol. 55, br. 7-9, str. 109-124
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Nepredvidivost štete kod ugovorne odgovornosti
Unforeseeble damage and contractual liability
Univerzitet u Nišu, Pravni fakultet, Srbija
Projekat: Zaštita ljudskih i manjinskih prava u evropskom pravnom prostoru (MPNTR - 179046)
Sažetak
Zbog povrede ugovorne obaveze dužnik odgovara poveriocu samo za štetu koju je predvideo u trenutku zaključenja ugovora. Budući da je predvidiva šteta dobro obrađena u literaturi, cilj ovog rada je pojašnjenje situacija u kojima je šteta nepredvidiva, jer takvi slučajevi najbolje manifestuju ograničenje principa potpune naknade. Predmet rada su realni i hipotetički primeri u kojima su gubici ocenjeni kao nepredvidivi (npr. izgubljena dobit zbog neostvarene preprodaje, zahtevi trećeg lica prema poveriocu, stroga ugovorna kazna). Umanjujući ugovornu odgovornost, u prilog dužniku idu neočekivane okolnosti vezane za poverioca ili nezavisne od volje ugovarača. Analizirani su kriterijumi značajni za ishod odštetnog zahteva kao što su: stvarno i pretpostavljeno znanje, srazmernost štete, priroda povređene ugovorne obaveze, ličnost ugovarača i stepen dužnikove krivice.
Abstract
Debtor's liability for contract breach is limited only to loss which he foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach. Since the foreseeable damage is well explained in the literature by now, the goal of this paper is to clarify conditions where the damage is unforeseeable, as these are the best illustrations of limitation on full compensation principle. This paper focuses on the real-life and hypothetical examples in which the losses were treated as unpredictable (e.g. lost profits due to unfulfilled resale, third party claims against creditor, severe contractual penalty). Unanticipated circumstances related to the creditor or circumstances independent from the will of the contracting parties work in favor of the debtor by reducing his contractual liability. The author examines the criteria relevant to the compensation claim failure, such as: actual and presumed knowledge, the proportionality of the damage with other contractual amounts, the nature of breached contractual obligation, contract party personality and the degree of debtor's guilt.
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