The use of mineral fertilizers since the beginning of use of chemical inputs to today, is a strategic factor in achieving the high yields of good quality agricultural crops for animal and food for people. The application of fertilizers is an important input in food production. The best evidence of that fact is the fertilizers consumption in the most developed countries in the world (Japan, USA, Western Europe…) which are achieving the highest yields. In the last decade of the past and at the beginning of the XXI century the use of fertilizers is also growing in other countries of the world, in the so-called developing countries which tend to become an independent of imports of food (Russia, India, China..). The best period for plant production, and thus for the application of fertilizers, in our country was between the eighties and nineties years of the twentieth century. The highest recorded fertilizers application in the SFRJ was 148.0 kg AM ha-1 of arable land (1986. year), and the smallest in the SRJ 23.8 kg of AM ha-1 (8.5 times les ) in 1995. Fertilizers consumption in Serbia in 2007 was approximately ~ 93 kg AM ha-1. All the while the investment in plant production in our country, run through the application of fertilizer, is less than 100 kg AM ha-1 of arable lands, we are far away from the high yields and quality of foods. It is generally known that fertilizers are significant investment in food production but is scientifically proven that significantly contribute to the yield increase and product quality (from 40-60%). However, the real effect of fertilizers in plant production can be manifested only if the application has done on scientific basis of SKPZ. It should be noted that to the nineties of the last century, the application of fertilizers was done on the basis of SKPZ in all public husbandries, and major individual producers (especially in Vojvodina). Today in the era of modern technology (such as GPS technology) application of fertilizers is insufficient, and generally fertilizers are applying less on the scientific basis. Bearing in mind the importance of agriculture for the development of our country, the strategy of agricultural development should be good and for long-term planed and each investment have to be established on a verified scientific basis in order to have a profitable food production beside environmental protection.