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2020, vol. 45, br. 3, str. 53-69
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Razvoj ekstrudera sa jednim vijakom za proizvodnju drveno-plastičnog kompozita
Development of a single screw extruder for the production of wood-plastic composite
Ključne reči: kompozit od drveta i plastike; ekstruder sa jednim vijkom; obnovljivi materijali; efikasnost; kapacitet; specifična mehanička energija
Keywords: Wood-Plastic Composite; Single Screw Extruder; Renewable Materials; Efficiency; Capacity; Specific Mechanical Energy
Sažetak
Ova studija prikazuje projektovanje, proizvodnju, sastavljanje i procenu performansi mašine ekstrudera sa jednim vijakom za drvno-plastične materijale (WPC) koji se može koristiti za reciklažu drvnog i plastičnog otpadnog materijala koristeći ove materijale iz lokalnih izvora, na osnovu raspoloživosti i isplativosti. Ekstruder ima četiri celine-jedinice predviđene za: prijem materijala, transport, zagrevanje i oblikovanje. Dizajnirani delovi su: kapacitet prijemnog koša, prečnik pužne osovine, dimenzije vijka (korak, ugao i prečnik zavojnice pužnog elementa) i kapacitet transportera (jedinica za dovod, kompresiju i doziranje). Razvijena mašina je procenjena kod upotrebe u ekstrudiranju plastičnog otpada male gustine i piljevine stable biljke gmelina (Gmelina arborea). Rezultati su dobijeni za kapacitet prijemnog koša od 38,3 m3, prečnik osovine od 60 mm, i dimenzije pužnog vijka (prečnik = 20 mm, korak=50 mm i ugao zavojnice = 17,650). Procena performansi mašine pokazala je efikasnost od 85% za mašinu pri radnoj brzini od 268 o/min (4,5 o/min) sa protokom materijala d 17,55 kg/sat za maksimalni period od 5 minuta. Srednja adsorpcija vode (0,45-13,68%) i porast debljine (0,14 - 0,94%) zabeleženi su kod proizvedenih kompozita i upoređeni su povoljno sa onima koji su u literaturi navedeni za WPC preporučene materijale. Sadržaj drveta i period kvašenja uticali su na adsorpciona svojstva, a ne na efikasnost ili neefikasnost mašine. Mašina štedi troškove i energiju zahvaljujući niskoj specifičnoj potrošnji mehaničke energije od 191,21 kJ/kg.
Abstract
This study was carried out to design, fabricate, assemble and evaluate the performance of a laboratory scale wood-plastic composite (WPC) single screw extruder that can be used for recycling wood and plastic waste materials using locally sourced materials based on availability, strength and cost effectiveness. The extruder is separated into four units; the feeding, conveying, heating and forming unit. The designed parts were; the hopper capacity, the shaft diameter, the screw dimensions (pitch, helix angle and diameter), and the capacity on the conveyor (feed throats, compression and metering units) units. The developed machine was evaluated by using it in extruding low density plastic wastes and gmelina (Gmelina arborea) sawdust. The results showed a hopper capacity of 38.3m3, shaft diameter of 60mm, screw dimensions (diameter=20mm, pitch=50mm, and helix angle = 17.650 ). The performance evaluation of the machine indicated an efficiency of 85% for the machine at an operating speed of 268rpm (4.5rps) with a throughput of 17.55kg/hr during a maximum period of 5 minutes. The mean water absorption (0.45-13.68%) and thickness swelling (0.14 - 0.94%) observed for the composites produced compared favorably with those reported in literature for WPCs recommended for non-structural indoor application purposes. The wood contents and soaking period had effects on the sorption properties and not the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the machine. The machine conserves cost and energy due to low specific mechanical energy consumption of 191.21kJ/kg.
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