2014, vol. 52, br. 4-6, str. 372-389
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Doktrina stroge saobraznosti kod dokumentarnog akreditiva i meke klauzule
The doctrine of strict compliance and soft clauses in letters of credit
Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Pravni fakultet, Srbija
Sažetak
Pokušaje nalogodavaca da ugovaranjem tzv. klauzula o ublažavanju onemoguće honorisanje prevarnih akreditivnih dokumenata trebalo bi shvatiti kao izraz nepoverenja u samu prirodu i način funkcionisanja dokumentarnoe akreditiva. Iako se često navodi da dokumentarni akreditiv jednako dobro štiti interese obe ugovorne strane iz osnovnog posla, činjenica je da korisnici mogu naplatiti cenu iz osnovnog posla i kad svoje obaveze nisu uopšte izvršili ili ih nisu izvršili u skladu sa ugovorom. To je moguće kada korisnik sam izda fakturu i prevarom dođe do ostalih dokumenata. Pošto u skladu sa načelom poslovanja dokumentima a ne robom, banka ne može (i ne mora) ulaziti u istinitost sadržaja podnetih dokumenata može se desiti da, i pored dosledne primene doktrine stroge saobraznosti, takvi dokumenti budu honorisani. Kao odgovor na takve situacije, ugovaranjem tzv. mekih klauzula nalogodavci od korisnika traže da podnesu i dokumente koje sami (nalogodavci) izdaju na osnovu prethodne provere stanja isporučene robe. U tom slučaju se kao osnovno, postavlja teorijsko pitanje da li se na taj način stvara nova vrsta dokumentarnoe akreditiva i da li se na taj način zaista izbegava njegova zloupotreba. Analiza je pokazala da se ugovaranjem pomenutih dokumenata samo menjaju uslovi za usklađenu prezentaciju, a da se ne dira u samu prirodu akreditiva. Sa druge strane, nalogodavci zaboravljaju da upravo svojom nepažnjom otvaraju prostor korisnicima za razne vrste zloupotrebe. Najčešće to čine tako što ili ne ugovore pouzdani način kontrole isporučene robe i prateće dokumente, kao dokumente koji čine usklađenu prezentaciju. Nalogodavcima je ostavljena potpuna sloboda da i bez tzv. meke klauzule ugovore certifikat o kontroli od poznate i kredibilne kontrolne kuće, ne samo prilikom isporuke nego i prilikom prijema čime bi izdavanje praznih dokumenata bilo gotovo nemoguće. Zato se čini da odgovor ne bi trebalo tražiti u novim pravilima, već u boljem razumevanju i doslednoj primeni postojećih pravila, pa i doktrine stroge saobraznosti.
Abstract
Attempts of applicants of letters of credit to prevent honoring of fraudulent documents by contracting so called 'soft clauses' should be understood as an expression of no confidence in the nature and functioning of documentary letters of credit. Although documentary letter of credit often referred to as a good tool for protecting interests of both parties in underlying transaction, the fact is that beneficiary can take the price from the underlying transaction even when his duties were not performed or not performed in accordance with the contract. This is possible when the beneficiary issues the invoice and uses deception to provide for other documents. Since in accordance with the principle that banks deal with documents and not with goods, the bank cannot (and should not) go into the truthfulness of the documents presented, it may be that, despite the consistent application of the doctrine of strict conformity, such documents will be honored. In response to this situation, by contracting the so-called soft clauses it is required from beneficiaries to submit that the documents are issued by applicants on the basis of previous test of the condition of the goods supplied. In this case, a key theoretical question is whether in this way a new kind of documentary letters of credit is created and does contracting of soft clauses actually avoid misuse of letter of credit rights. The analysis has shown that contracting of mentioned documents only means the new conditions for complying presentation, and does not interfere with the nature of the letter of credit. On the other hand, applicants just forget that they inadvertently open up space for various types of abuse. This is usually done by omitting to contract reliable control of the delivered goods and related documents, as the documents of complying presentation. The applicants enjoy full freedom to contract, without soft clauses, certificate of control of the well-known and credible control house, not only on delivery but also on receiving of contracting goods, which means that issue of blank documents will be almost impossible. Therefore, it seems that the answer should be sought not in the new rules, but in better understanding and consistent application of the existing rules, including the doctrine of strict compliance.
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