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2016, vol. 33, br. 3, str. 217-225
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Fenomenografija - metoda koja je izostavljena u medicinskim istraživanjima
Phenomenography: A missed method in medical research
aSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran bEvidence-Based Research Centre, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
e-adresa: HeidaryA@mums.ac.ir
Sažetak
Istraživanje predstavlja pokušaj ljudi da odgovore na određena pitanja i otkriju ono što im je nepoznato. Metodologija istraživanja je određena stavom istraživača prema univerzumu kao i pitanjem na koje želi da odgovor. Neka od suštinskih pitanja koja se tiču istraživačkog procesa su: 'Koja je priroda realnosti?', Kakva je priroda odnosa između istraživača i predmeta interesovanja?' i 'Kako se može razumeti predmet istraživanja i koje metode bi trebalo primeniti?' Istraživački pristupi se mogu podeliti na kvantitativne i kvalitativne. U prvom slučaju, merenje, predikcija i kontrola čine osnovu ovog pristupa, dok je u drugom slučaju ispitivanje, opisivanje i objašnjenje fenomena od suštinskog značaja. Među kvalitativnim istraživačkim metodama, fenomenografija se pojavljuje kao novija metoda. Međutim, uprkos tome što se pokazala kao vrlo korisna u različitim disciplinama, još uvek nije dobila na popularnosti i mnogi istraživači je mešaju sa fenomenologijom. Fokus fenomenografije je na onome što se posmatra kao druga perspektiva i na drugačijem doživljaju ljudi istog fenomena, dok fenomenologija prvenstveno naglašava osnovno, neposredno iskustvo i slične sadržaje koji proističu iz različitih iskustava. Cilj ovog rada bio je da pruži bolje razumevanje fenomenografije kroz objašnjenja i poređenja sa fenomenologijom kako bi se olakšala njena adekvatna i pravovremena primena u medicinskim istraživanjima.
Abstract
Research is an approach with which human beings can attempt to answer questions and discover the unknowns. Research methodology is something that is determined by the researcher's attitude toward the universe as well as by the question he is trying to answer. Some essential questions regarding the research process are: 'What is the nature of reality?', 'What is the nature of the relationship between the scholar and the subject of interest?', and 'How can one understand the subject, and what are the methods?'. Research approaches can be categorized as quantitative and qualitative. In the former, measurement, prediction, and control are the bases, while in the latter, exploring, describing, and explaining the phenomena are fundamental. Among qualitative research methods, phenomenography is one of the newest methods. However, in spite of proving to be useful in various disciplines, it has yet to become popular, and many scholars mistake it for phenomenology. The focus of phenomenography is on what is known as the second-order perspective and the different ways that people can experience the same phenomenon, while phenomenology primarily emphasizes the first-order perspective and the similar essences that are derived from various experiences. This article aims to provide a better understanding of phenomenography through explaining it and comparing it with phenomenology in order to facilitate its proper and timely application in medical studies.
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