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2020, vol. 13, br. 2, str. 55-74
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Konceptualni okvir politike poljoprivrednih inovacija u zemljama afričkog kontinenta
Conceptual framework of agricultural innovation policy in African countries
Sažetak
Cilj rada je predstaviti konceptualni okvir iz kojeg se može razviti odgovarajuća politika inovacija u zemljama Afrike. Poseban akcenat se stavlja na poljoprivredne inovacije, njihovu ulogu u podsticanju agropreduzetništva i ukupnog razvoja afričkog kontinenta. Povećanje proizvodnje hrane i bioenergije, poboljšanje ekonomije poljoprivredne proizvodnje, prihoda afričkih farmera, smanjenje siromaštva i adaptacija na klimatske promene, izazovi su koji se mogu rešiti ili ublažiti uvođenjem inovacija u poljoprivredni sektor. U radu se koriste opšti naučni metodi, kao što su: istorijski metod, analiza i sinteza, indukcija i dedukcija, generalizacija i apstrakcija, indikatori, grafički i logički metod. Poljoprivreda Afrike je veoma neproduktivan sektor, kao posledica nedostatka odgovarajućih inovativnih tehnologija, kredita, infrastrukture, nedostatka znanja, informacija i veština. Poljoprivredne inovacije u zemljama Afrike odnose se na pronalazak insekticida, otpornih sorti, đubriva, pumpi za navodnjavanje, genetičkih programa, održive poljoprivredne prakse i dr. Širom Afrike, poljoprivrednici prihvataju "klimatski pametne" inovacije. Primer odgovora na klimatske promene je podizanje 200 miliona novih stabala. Zemlje Afrike treba da poboljšaju performanse obrazovnog sistema, nauku i tehnologiju, institucije, povećaju finansijske i ljudske investicije za izgradnju lokalnih tehnoloških mogućnosti i da uče iz iskustava drugih inovativnih regiona. Iako je većina zemalja Afrike ostvarila značajne pomake u poljoprivrednim inovacijama, to nije zadovoljavajuće.
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present a conceptual framework from which to develop an appropriate innovation policy in African countries. Particular emphasis is placed on agricultural innovation, their role in stimulating agribusiness and the overall development of the African continent. Increasing food production and bioenergy, improving agricultural economics, African farmers' incomes, reducing poverty and adapting to climate change are challenges that can be addressed or mitigated by innovations in the agricultural sector. Africa's agriculture is a highly unproductive sector as a result of lack of appropriate innovative technologies, credit, infrastructure, lack of knowledge, information and skills. Agricultural innovations in African countries relate to the invention of insecticides, resistant varieties, fertilizers, irrigation pumps, genetic programs, sustainable agricultural practices, etc. Across Africa, farmers are embracing "climate-smart" innovations. An example of the response to climate change is the raising of 200 million new trees. African countries need to improve educational system performance, science and technology, institutions, increase financial and human investment to build local technology capabilities and learn from the experiences of other innovative regions. Although most African countries have made significant progress in terms of agricultural innovation, the results are still not quite satisfactory.
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