2014, br. 37, str. 321-350
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Istorijska pozadina iračko-kuvajtskog sukoba
Historical background to the Iraqi Kuwait conflict
College of Letters and Sciences, La Jolla, USA
e-adresa: shanish@nu.edu
Sažetak
U cilju boljeg razumevanja sukoba između Iraka i Kuvajta iz 1990/1991. godine, od suštinske je važnosti proučavati korene tog sukoba, kada je Kuvajt bio deo Basra vilajeta u okviru Otomanskog carstva u XIX veku. Autor naglašava i ulogu imperijalističkih sila u očuvanju autonomnog statusa Kuvajta i u podeli Otomanskih teritorija posle Prvog svetskog rata, kao i njihovu ulogu u traganju za uticajem i kontrolom politike u regionu. Nadalje, autor istražuje promene u iračkoj politici od svoje nezavisnosti iz 1932. godine u cilju razumevanja njegove politike prema Kuvajtu. Odnosi između Kuvajta i Britanije tokom ovog perioda (XIX i XX vek) takođe imaju uticaj na ovu raspravu, jer je Britanija štitila i sprečavala Kuvajt da ne postane sastavni deo Otomanske imperije i deo Iraka onda kada je obrazovan nakon Prvog svetskog rata. Britanska moć je bila jača od Otomanske, tako da ova potonja nije mogla da izazove britansku. U radu se takođe istražuje politika Iraka 1961. godine kada je počeo da polaže pravo na Kuvajt nakon nezavisnosti od Britanije. Objašnjene su i promene u iračkoj politici 1963. godine i njegovo priznanje Kuvajta usled promena režima. Takođe se istražuje i iračka politika posle 17. jula 1968. godine, kada je Ba'th po drugi put došao na vlast. Autor je obratio pažnju i na dolazak na vlast Sadama Huseina 1979. godine. Osim toga, autor se bavi i pitanjem iračko-iranskog rata i njegovog uticaja na odnose između Iraka i Kuvajta u cilju dokazivanja činjenice da je Irak popravio svoje odnose sa Kuvajtom tokom rata, koji su služili iračkim nacionalnim interesima dobijanjem finansijske pomoći i korišćenjem teritorije Kuvajta za trgovinu i ratne svrhe. Ishod rata i potreba Iraka za kapitalom radi izgradnje svoje ekonomije i vojske uticali su na konfrontaciju između Iraka i Kuvajta, onda kada je iračko rukovodstvo percepiralo ravnotežu snaga u svoju korist. Ova pitanja su obrađena pozivanjem na realističke pojmove moći i nacionalnog interesa kao i korišćenjem arapskog nacionalizma radi opravdanja invazije.
Abstract
In order to understand the 1990-1991 Iraqi-Kuwaiti conflict, it is essential to study the roots of the conflict, when Kuwait was part of Basra Vilayet1 within the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. Also, we should stress the role of the imperialist powers which played a role in the autonomous status of Kuwait and in the division of the Ottoman territories after World War I, and we should emphasize their role in their quest to influence and control the politics of the region. In addition, we should investigate the changes in Iraq's politics since its independence in 1932 in order to understand its policy toward Kuwait. Kuwait's relations with Britain during this period (the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) also have bearing on this discussion because Britain protected and prevented Kuwait from becoming an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, and becoming part of Iraq when it was created after World War I. Britain's power was stronger than the Ottoman power and the Ottomans could not challenge it. Also, this paper will examine Iraq's policy in 1961 when it claimed Kuwait after independence from Britain was granted. Change in Iraq's policy in 1963 and its recognition of Kuwait due to regime change will be explained. I will also examine Iraq's policy after July 17, 1968, when the Ba'ath came to power for the second time. I will also look at the emergence of the presidency of Saddam Hussein in 1979. Moreover, I will address the Iran-Iraq war and its impact on Iraq's relations with Kuwait to demonstrate that Iraq improved its relations with Kuwait during the war to serve Iraqi national interests by getting financial aid and using Kuwaiti territory for trade and war purposes. The outcome of war and Iraq's need for capital to build its economy and military turned Iraq to confront Kuwait when the balance of power was perceived by the Iraqi leadership to be in its favor. These issues will be addressed with reference to realist notions of power and national interest and the use of Arab nationalism to justify the invasion. Finally, I will be blending the review of literature into this historical overview, starting with Iraq's modern history.
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