2010, vol. 62, br. 4, str. 9-27
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Bezbednost Evropske unije
Security of European Union
Institut za političke studije, Beograd, Srbija
Sažetak
Ambicije stvaranja zajedničke politike bezbednosti i odbrane traju već nekoliko decenija, ali bez uspešne realizacije konkretnih ideja (npr. neuspeo plan iz 1954. za stvaranje Evropske odbrambene zajednice). Pravni okvir stvoren je Ugovorom iz Mastrihta koji uvodi Zajedničku spoljnu i bezbednosnu politiku, te uključuje odredbe o odgovornosti EU za sva pitanja koja se odnose na njenu bezbednost, 'uključujući eventualno formiranje zajedničke politike odbrane, koja s vremenom može voditi zajedničkoj odbrani' (čl. 1. 4). Na sastanku Evropskog veća u Helsinkiju, u decembru 1999, odlučeno je da do 2003. države članice moraju biti u mogućnosti da obezbede vojne snage od 50.000 do 60.000 ljudi u roku od 60 dana, koje bi mogle funkcionisati tokom godinu dana ('Rapid Reaction Force'), radi razvoja vojnih kapaciteta za ispunjavanje punog spektra 'Petersburških zadataka'. Cilj poznat je kao 'Helsinki Headline Goal' nije u potpunosti ispunjen do zadatog roka, iako je EPBO proglašen funkcionalnim u 2003. godini. Stoga je rok za njegovo puno ispunjenje produžen do 2010, uz novi zadatak, tj. stvaranje brzo-pokretnih borbenih grupa ('EU Battle groups') do 2007. te kvalitativna poboljšanja postojećih kapaciteta odbrane. Vojna i odbrambena dimenzija EU je limitiranog dometa, te ne uključuje teritorijalnu odbranu. Verovatnoća oružanih konflikata u kojima bi učestvovale sve zemlje EU (njih 27) minimalna je, čak i nemoguća. Jer, sigurno, ne postoji neki cilj oko kojeg bi se sve zemlje EU saglasile da ratuju. Naprotiv, danas postoje i različiti interesi pojedinih zemalja EU koji nisu u skladu sa ostalim članicama, zapravo oružane snage EU ne odgovaraju ni Americi, osim ako nisu u sastavu NATO-a , pa i zbog toga ostaje samo ZEU koju podržava NATO i koja u budućnosti može da funkcioniše, ali samo kao udarna pesnica NATO-a. Potpisivanjem ugovora u Lisabonu, 13. decembra 2007. godine, EU dobija konture svoje političke strukture. Lisabonskim sporazumom EU ne postaje superdržava već ostaje velika birokratija.
Abstract
Aspirations to create a common security and defense policy have been pursued for several decades, but no specific ideas have been implemented yet (for example, the failed 1954 plan to create the European Defense Community). A legal framework was created by the Treaty of Maastricht, which introduced the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, and included provisions on the responsibility of EU for all matters concerning its security, 'with a view of establishing a common defense policy, which in time may lead to common defense' (Art. 1.4). At the Helsinki meeting of the European Council in December 1999, it was decided that until 2003 the member states must become capable of contributing a military force of 50,000 to 60,000 troops within 60 days, which would be capable of operating for a year ('Rapid Reaction Force'), with a view of deploying the military capabilities to accomplish the full spectrum of 'Petersburg Tasks'. The goal known as 'Helsinki Headline Goal' had not been fully achieved until the set time limit, although ESDP was declared functional in 2003. Consequently the time limit for its fulfillment was extended up to 2010, including a new task, i.e. creation of fast-moving battle groups ('EU Battle groups') until 2007, and qualitative improvements in the existing defense capabilities. EU military and defense dimensions are of limited scope and do not include the territorial defense. The probability of armed conflicts in which all EU member states (27 of them) would take part is minimum, even unlikely, since there is clearly no goal which all EU member states would agree to wage war for. On the contrary, some EU states have even different interests today, which are not in line with those of other member states. In point of fact, neither are the USA happy with EU having its own armed forces, unless they are an integral part of NATO, and this is why what is left only is WEU, which is supported by NATO and which can operate in the future, but only as NATO'a striking fist. Through signing the Treaty of Lisbon on 13 December 2007, EU acquired the contours of its political structure. The Treaty of Lisbon has not made EU a super-state, but EU has remained a great bureaucracy.
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