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KAP studija: znanje, stavovi i ponašanje odraslih stanovnika, od značaja za nastanak vodećih zaraznih bolesti u Republici Srbiji
KAP study: knowledge, attitudes and practice of the adult inhabitants as important reasons for the occurrence of the leading infectious diseases in the Republic of Serbia
aInstitut za zaštitu zdravlja Srbije 'dr Milan Jovanović-Batut', Beograd bInstitut za zaštitu zdravlja, Niš
e-adresa: jovic_sladjana@batut.org.yu
Sažetak
Akutne zarazne bolesti su još uvek među vodećim bolestima u nerazvijenim zemljama, a predstavljaju značajan socijalnomedicinski problem i u razvijenom svetu, zbog svog visokog morbiditeta, mortaliteta, ekonomskih gubitaka i ljudske patnje koju prouzrokuju. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi postojanje specifičnih faktora rizika, povezanih sa znanjem, stavovima i praksom odraslih stanovnika Republike Srbije, koji doprinose nastanku zaraznih bolesti, prema: teritoriji (Beograd, Vojvodina i centralna Srbija), polu i starosti ispitanika. Istraživanje zdravstvenog stanja, zdravstvenih potreba i korišćenja zdravstvene zaštite stanovništva Srbije, realizovano je u Institutu za zaštitu zdravlja Srbije "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", svim institutima/zavodima na teritoriji Republike, u WHO-u i UNICEF-u. Studijom preseka obuhvaćen je 9921 ispitanik (52% žena i 48% muškaraca). Higijenske navike su na višem nivou kod stanovnika Beograda i Vojvodine, u odnosu na centralnu Srbiju, po pitanju pranja ruku pre jela (88:90,6:87,5%, p < 0,00046), po ulasku u kuću (83,1:68,6:67,5%, p < 0,00000), pre upotrebe toaleta (50,8:46,9:40,1%, p < 0,00000) i posle upotrebe toaleta (92,3:93,7:91,4%, p < 0,0031). Pre jela, 11,5% odraslih stanovnika ne pere ruke skoro nikada ili ponekad; po ulasku u kuću, ruke ne opere svaki treći odrasli ispitanik, pre upotrebe toaleta, više od polovine a posle upotrebe, gotovo 8% ispitanika. Kontaminiranim rukama se tako prenose crevne zarazne i parazitarne bolesti, i neke polne bolesti kao što su gonoreja, sifilis ili virusne bradavice. Žene imaju bolje higijenske navike od muškaraca a mlađi ispitanici imaju bolje higijenske navike od starijih. Nepovoljan pokazatelj je da svaki 5. muškarac i svaka 4. žena ne prihvataju sopstvenu odgovornost za zdravlje. Potvrđene su navike i ponašanje koja umanjuju otpornost organizma prema infektivnim agensima: nepravilna ishrana, velika zastupljenost pušenja i zloupotrebe alkohola, izloženost stresu (63,5% žena i 53,3% muškaraca), dok samo 7,9% žena i 15,2% muškaraca redovno koristi kondom u cilju prevencije polno prenosivih bolesti i HIV infekcije. Nivo znanja ispitanika o mogućnostima prevencije ovih bolesti je na nezadovoljavajućem nivou. Usluge zdravstvene službe ispitanici najčešće koriste kod postojanja bolesti (44,1%), a u manjem procentu u preventivne svrhe (29,9%).
Abstract
Acute infectious diseases are the main problem in undeveloped countries, but still an important sociomedical problem in the developed world, due to high morbidity and mortality rates, economical losses and the suffering they cause. The aim of this study was to determine specific risk factors connected with knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP study) of adult inhabitants of the Republic of Serbia, which contribute to the appearance of infectious diseases according to territory (Belgrade, Vojvodina and Central Serbia), gender and age. The research on health conditions, health needs and utilization of health care of the population of Serbia were realized by the Public Health Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut’, all IPHs in Serbia, WHO and UNICEF. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 9921 persons (52% women and 48% men). Hygienic habits were on the higher level in the population of Belgrade and Vojvodina compared to the Central Serbia: washing hands before meal (88,5:90,6:87,5%, p < 0,00046), on entering home (83,1:68,6:67,5%, p < 0,50), before using the toilet (50,8:46,9:40,1%, p < 00000), after using the toilet (92,3:93,7:91,4%, p < 0,0031). Before meal, 11, 5% of adults wash hands almost never or sometimes; on coming home every third person does not wash hands, before using the toilet more than 50%, and after using the toilet almost 8%. In this way, some intestinal infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, HPV can be disseminated. Women have better hygienic habits than men, and younger persons have better hygienic habits than older persons. Every fifth man and every fourth woman does not accept personal responsibility for health. Habits and behavior that decrease individual immunity presented in high percent of the population of Serbia are: inappropriate eating habits, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, stress (63,5% women and 53,3% men); only 7,9% women and 15,2% men use condom regularly for protection of STD and AIDS. The level of disease prevention knowledge is low. Utilization of health services is mostly present in the cases of illnes (44,1%) and for preventive purposes in minor percent (29,9%).
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