2012, vol. 17, br. 4, str. 663-675
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Uticaj slobodnih zona na ekonomski rast zemalja zapadnog Balkana
The influence of free zones on the economic growth of western Balkan countries
aUniverzitet u Banjoj Luci, Ekonomski fakultet, Republika Srpska, BiH
bKrajinapetrol a.d., Banja Luka, Republika Srpska
Sažetak
Slobodne zone su širom svijeta postale jedan od popularnijih pristupa u rješavanju ekonomskih i socijalnih problema. Slobodne zone su postale značajan faktor privlačenja stranih direktnih investicija (FDI), ali i način da se iskoriste raspoloživi resursi, prije svega slobodan prostor i jeftina radna snaga. Efikasnost slobodnih zona se različito tumači u ekonomskoj teoriji. Neoklasičari smatraju da su slobodne marginalne za ukupan razvoj. Heterogena teorija apostrofira važnost slobodnih zona za rast investicija, zaposlenost i razvoj tehnologije. I Svjetska banka se zalaže za ulogu slobodnih zona u razvoju ekonomije. Kina, SAD i Irska su uspješno koristili ovaj model za ubrzanje unutrašnjeg razvoja, ili za izvoz. Slobodne zone u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana su zakonski regulisane, ali još uvijek nemaju praktičnu ulogu koju bi trebale imati. Pozitivni primjeri rada slobodnih zona se odnose na izolovane slučajeve. Dugoročne koristi od slobodnih zona ne nastaju promptno, već se moraju razvijati planski i dugoročno. Analizira prometa u slobodnim zonama u nekim zemljama Zapadnog Balkana ukazuje na nedovoljan obim proizvodnje i razmjene. Uz to, i svi relevantni faktori za razvoj ove oblasti su još uvijek nedovoljni za aktivan pristup razvoju slobodnih zona i njihov značajniji uticaj na ekonomski rast.
Abstract
Throughout the world free zones have become one of the most popular approaches to solving economic and social problems. Free zones have become an important factor of attracting foreign direct investments (FDI), as well as the way to use available assets, primarily free space and cheap work force. The efficiency of free zones is differently interpreted in the economic theory. Neoclassicists believe that they are marginal to the total development. Heterogeneous theory apostrophizes the importance of free zones for the growth of investments, employment and the development of technology. The World Bank also advocates the role of free zones in the development of economy. China, USA, and Ireland successfully used this model for accelerating the internal development as well as for export. In the Western Balkan Countries free zones are legally regulated, but they do not have the practical role they should have yet. Positive examples of the work of free zones pertain to isolated cases. Long-term benefits from free zones do not start to happen promptly, but need to be developed according to a plan and on a long-term basis. Analysis of traffic in free zones in certain Western Balkan Countries indicates an insufficient range of production and exchange. Besides this, all the relevant factors for the development of this field are still insufficient for an active approach to the development of free zones and their more significant influence on the economic growth.
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