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2012, vol. 11, br. 4, str. 521-545
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Pojam o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama - implikacije za razvoj programa podrške
Self-concept of people with intellectual disabilities: Implications for support program development
aInstitut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, Beograd bAsocijacija za promovisanje inkluzije Srbije, Beograd
e-adresa: bobanpetrovi@gmail.com
Sažetak
Pojam o sebi definiše se kao ukupnost opažaja, misli, osećanja, ocena i predviđanja osobe o sebi kao iskustvenom objektu, kao učesniku u interkaciji sa fizičkim i socijalnim okruženjem. Kao takav, predstavlja konstrukt koji je često ispitivan kada su u pitanju deca, mladi i odrasli sa intelektualnim teškoćama. Međutim, pojam o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama ispitivan je pretežno kroz psihometrijsku paradigmu, preko instrumenata upitničkog tipa. To nije obezbedilo dovoljno prostora za aktivnu participaciju osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama u samom toku ispitivanja, niti je omogućilo da se dobiju adekvatne polazne informacije o pojmu o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama, koje mogu da posluže za razvoj programa podrške samoodređenju osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama. Stoga je ovo istraživanje, usmereno na ispitivanje pojma o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama u različitim domenima, od značaja za osobe sa intelektualnim teškoćama: globalni pojam o sebi, osobine ličnosti, kompetentnosti, teškoće u svakodnevnom životu, svest o sopstvenim (intelektualnim) teškoćama. Istraživanje je realizovano u seriji od pet fokus grupa, uz aktivnu participaciju osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama kroz kombinovanje radioničarskih aktivnosti i diskusija u malim grupama. Fokus grupe su realizovane jednom nedeljno, u po dve grupe od osam učesnika, različite starosti (22 do 53 godine), pola, stepena i tipa teškoća. Svi učesnici su najveći deo života proveli u institucijama, a od 2004. godine su korisnici usluge stanovanja uz podršku za osobe sa invaliditetom. Kada je u pitanju generalni pojam o sebi, na osnovu analiza iskaza učesnika, mogu se izdvojiti tri globalne teme: kompetentnosti i interesovanja, fizički izgled i socijalne uloge. Kada su u pitanju osobine ličnosti, najfrekventnije se javljaju atributi poput 'dobar', 'poslušan', 'vredan'. Kada su u pitanju kompetentosti i teškoće koje imaju, najčešće su navođene kompetentnosti i teškoće s kojima se suočavaju tokom svakodnevnog života u stanovanju uz podršku. Mada prepoznaju svoje kognitivne teškoće, često odbijaju da o njima razgovaraju i naglašavaju svoju svesnost o devaluativnoj vrednosti termina kojima se označavaju. Analiza je pokazala da je pojam o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama relativno siromašan atributima, te da je stečen, naučen i to kao produkt relativno restriktivnih uslova života, kao što je život u instituciji. Međutim, može se pretpostaviti i stimulativno delovanje aktuelnih uslova života na oblikovanje slike o sebi osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama. U radu se ukazuje na moguće implikacije osnovnih rezultata u praktičnom radu na unapređenju pojma o sebi i kapaciteta za samopercepciju i samoodređenje osoba sa intelektualnim teškoćama.
Abstract
Self-concept is defined as a sum of perception, thoughts, feelings, evaluation and prediction about oneself as an experienced object, as a participant in the interaction with physical and social environment. As such, this topic is often encountered in working with children, young people and adults with intellectual disabilities (PWID). However, self-concept of PWID has been investigated mainly through psychometric paradigm, using different types of questionnaires for assessment. This did not provide either enough possibilities for active participation of people with ID in the research process, or the possibilities to reach adequate initial information about self-concept of PWID, which may serve as a baseline for development of support programs for self-determination of PWID. Therefore, this study aimed to examine self-concept of PWID in various domains of interest for PWID: global self-image, personality traits, competencies, difficulties in everyday life, awareness of one's own (intellectual) disabilities. The research was conducted through a series of five focus groups, with active participation of PWID, through combined workshop activities and discussions in small groups. Focus groups were conducted once a week and 16 participants were divided into two groups, of different ages (22 to 53 years), sex, type and degree of difficulties. All participants spent most of their lives in institutions. Since 2004, they have been living at supported housing for people with disabilities. Based on the analysis of the participants' testimony, there were three global issues with regard to general self-concept: competences and interests, physical appearance, and social roles. With regard to personality traits, attributes such as 'good', 'obedient', 'valuable' occur most frequently. With regard to their competencies and difficulties, those which are most important for full daily life in supported housing have been cited most often. While they recognize their cognitive difficulties, they often refuse to talk about them, and highlight their awareness of the devaluative implications of terms which are used for their categorization. The analysis showed that the self-concept of PWID is relatively poor with attributes, that it is acquired and learned, and comes as a product of relatively restrictive living conditions, such as living in an institution. However, it can be assumed that current living conditions have stimulating effect on the formation of self-concept of PWID. This article points out the possible implications of the basic results of practical work to improve self-concept and capacity for self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities.
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