Review of soybean resistance to pathogens

Vidić, Miloš; Đorđević, Vuk; Petrović, Kristina; Miladinović, Jegor

doi:10.5937/ratpov50-4038

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Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo

2013, vol. 50, iss. 2, pp. 52-61

Review of soybean resistance to pathogens

Vidić Miloš, Đorđević Vuk

, Petrović Kristina

, Miladinović Jegor

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia

email: [email protected]

Project: Interdisciplinary Approach to Development of New Soybean Varieties and Improvement of the Cultivation Practices and Seed Production (MESTD - 31022)

Keywords: pathogens; resistance; soybean

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the research on soybean resistance to pathogens. The review included most harmful agents of soybean diseases in Serbia, as well as those that are potentially harmful. Development and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most efficient, economical and environmentally acceptable control measure for plant disease. It points to the variability in pathogenicity (physiological races) of parasites, especially expressed in Phytophthora sojae, Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, which requires continuous breeding for resistance. Resistant, partially resistant and moderately susceptible genotypes, which are used as donors of resistance genes to different pathogens, are listed in this paper. Also, avirulent genes in the parasite and resistance genes in soybean are indicated. Gene mapping significantly contributes to better understanding of the mode of inheritance and consequently, more efficient breeding for disease resistance. Significant improvement is expected by using molecular techniques, especially in dealing with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Phomopsis longicolla. For these parasites only partial resistance has been reported but not complete resistance.

Sažetak

Na osnovu višegodišnjih istraživanja utvrđeno je da su najštetniji i najrasprostranjeniji paraziti soje u Srbiji Peronospora manshurica (prouzrokovač plamenjače), Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (bakteriozna pegavost), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (bela trulež), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (rak stabla), Macrophomina phaseolina (ugljenasta trulež) i Phomopsis spp. (trulež semena). Postoji realna opasnost da se na soji u našoj zemlji pojave i dva veoma destruktivna parazita; Phytophthora sojae, prouzrokovač fitoftorozne truleži i Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis prouzrokovač 'južnog' raka stabla. Unošenje otpornosti prema najznačajnijim parazitima u nove sorte soje je jedan od prioritetnih zadataka svih oplemenjivačkih programa. Najpre je potrebno iznaći odgovarajući izvor otpornosti, zatim obaviti povratna ukrštanja i u kasnijim generacijama identifikovati otporne genotipove. Uspeh u radu na stvaranju otpornih sorti soje uslovljen je postojanjem dobrih izvora rezistentnosti, kao i poznavanjem prirode otpornosti i načina nasleđivanja. Rezistentnost prema P. manshurica evidentirana je u više genotipova soje, a najčešće je uslovljena jednim dominantnim genom (Rpm). Ova otpornost je potpuna, ali nije trajna, jer se postepeno gubi usled pojave novih fizioloških rasa. Rasa br. 4 P. syringae pv. glycinea je dominantna na soji u svetu i kod nas. Ne postoje potpuno otporni genotipovi prema ovoj rasi, ali su prisutne značajne razlike u stepenu osetljivosti. Parcijalna otpornost kontrolisana je od strane jednog ili nekoliko Rpg gena. Mehanizmi izbegavanja oboljenja i parcijalna fiziološka rezistentnost uslovljavljaju razlike u reakciji sorti soje prema S. sclerotiorum. Mapirana su dva lokusa koji kontrolišu mehanizme izbegavanja bolesti i jedan lokus, najverovatnije odgovoran za parcijalnu fiziološku rezistentnost. Parcijalna rezistentnost utvrđena je kod nekoliko introdukovanih (PI) genotipova soje. U našim agroekološkim uslovima ranostasni genotipovi izbegavaju napad ovog oboljenja. Nije evidentirana potpuna otpornost prema D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, prouzrokovaču 'severnog' tipa raka stabla. Prouzrokovač 'južnog' tipa raka stabla D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis nije prisutan na soji u Srbiji. Otpornost prema ovoj gljivi nađena je u nekoliko genotipova soje, a uslovljavaju je dva (delimična otpornost), odnosno, četiri (potpuna) major gena. Pripadnici roda Diaporthe/Phomopsis su najštetniji paraziti semena soje, a vrsta P. longicolla je najzastupljenija. Zadovoljavajući nivo rezistentnosti prema ovom parazitu semena poseduje nekoliko genotipova soje. Priroda otpornosti nije u potpunosti razjašnjena, a novija istraživanja ukazuju da se radi o kvantitativnom svojstvu. Brojna istraživanja posvećena su proučavanju Phytophthora sojae (fitoftorozna trulež), veoma štetnog parazita soje. Opisano je više od 70 fizioloških rasa, identifikovani su avirulentni geni (Avr) u pojedinim rasama i pronađeni su geni rezistentnosti (Rps) u sortama soje. Tako je omogućeno uspešno oplemenjivanje soje na otpornost prema ovom parazitu.

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