2010, vol. 62, br. 2, str. 9-28
|
Metodološki proces u pisanju naučnog rada
Methodological process in writing a scientific paper
Institut za političke studije, Beograd
Sažetak
U savremenoj metodologiji naučnoistraživačkog rada definisane su zakonitosti po kojima istraživač mora po- stupati da bi uspešno napisao naučni rad. To je proces u kojem činjenice treba podvrgnuti naučnoj analizi i drugim metodama istraživanja, uz aktivan kritički odnos prema onome što je predmet istraživanja. To znači da se traže odgovori tamo gde ih nema, a postavljaju se pitanja koja još nisu postavljena. Zato se na univerzitetu proces sticanja znanja ne zove učenje već studiranje. Dok je učenje zasnovano na pamćenju, studiranje se zasniva na razmišljanju. Svako razmišljanje nije isto što i naučno mišljenje koje je samo jedan specifičan način razmišljanja, a cilj mu je da bude istinito. Kada se istraživači bave metodama reč je o metodologiji. Predmet istraživanja metodologije su naučne metode, a predmet istraživanja naučnih metoda jeste deo objektivne stvarnosti koji je određena nauka definisala za svoj predmet. Metodologijom se naziva sveukupnost metodskih postupaka koje primenjuje određena nauka ili grupa srodnih nauka s ciljem da dođu do novih saznanja. Dakle, za sav svoj napredak i preobražaj, materijalni i duhovni, čovečanstvo treba da zahvali prvenstveno nauci, naučnom stvaralaštvu i istraživanju; bez razvijene nauke ne može biti ni napretka ni blagostanja jedne zemlje i naroda u pravom smislu reči. Tu uzajamnu uslovljenost razvitka nauke i razvijenosti zemlje i naroda koji u njoj živi uočio je, još u 16. veku, Bekon, koji je tvrdio kako nauka i ljudska moć idu zajedno, uporedo, kako se one, u stvari, prepliću, prožimaju, i jedna na drugu vrše uzajamni uticaj. Tada, u vreme renesanse, on se divio velikom preobražaju koji su razne nauke, svojom širinom, raznovrsnom i mnogostrukom primenom, izvršile u životu civilizovanih naroda. Njegov savremenik, veliki francuski mislilac Montenj, isticao je da je nauka 'veliki ukras', dodajući odmah kako je ona u isti mah i 'oruđe koje nam začudo mnogo pomaže'. Ako su ljudi o nauci i njenoj moći govorili tako u 16. veku, onda je početak 21. veka pravi izazov za istraživače i naučne institucije, kako bi uz pomoć nauke ostvarili novu renesansu u kvalitetu života čovečanstva. Poznato je da ne postoji čarobna formula koja može da otkrije tajne naučnih istraživanja, kao što ne postoje neki brzi i mehanički postupci koji, kada se nauče i savladaju, osposobljavaju za tu vrstu delatnosti. Međutim, da bi se neko osposobio za naučni rad, nužno je da prethodno ispuni dva osnovna uslova: 1) da ima za to dara, prirodne dispozicije; 2) da ga neko uputi u naučni rad i njegove metode, razvijajući, 'vaspitavajući' kod njega osobine neophodne za taj posao. Dakle, uvođenje u zanat naučnika najbolje se postiže kako čitanjem raznih naučnih dela i priručnika, tako, još više, praksom, kako kaže latinska izreka Fit fabricando faber (kovač se postaje kovanjem) ili kako misle Nemci - Übung macht den Meister (majstor se postaje vežbanjem).
Abstract
In the modern methodology of scientific work, laws are defined that are be followed by a researcher in order to successfully write a scientific paper. This is a process in which facts are to be subjected to scientific analysis and other research methods, along with active critical relation to what is a subject of the research. This means that answers are looked for where they are lacking and questions are raised that have not yet been raised. That is why at the University the process of knowledge acquisition is not called learning but studying. While learning is based on memory, studying is based on contemplation. Any contemplation is not the same as scientific thinking, which is just one specific way of thinking, and its goal is to be true. When researchers deal with methods, it is methodology. The research subject of methodology is scientific methods, and the subject of research of scientific methods is a part of objective reality, which a particular science has defined as its subject. Methodology comprises overall methodical procedures applied by a certain science or a group of related sciences with an aim to reach new findings. So, for all its progress and transformation, both material and spiritual, the mankind should thank primarily to science, scientific creation and research. Without developed science there can be neither progress nor welfare of any country or people in the true sense of the word. This reciprocity of the development of science and the development level of a country and its people was already noticed by Bacon back in the 16th century, who argued that science and human power go together, in parallel, and are interwoven and permeated, mutually affecting each other. Back then, in the age of renaissance, he admired the great transformation brought about in the life of civilized nations by sciences, with their broadness and diverse and multiple application. His contemporary Montaigne, a great French thinker, pointed out that the science was 'a great ornament', adding right away that it is at the same time 'a thing of marvelous use, a wonderfully serviceable tool'. If people spoke about science and its power in such a manner in the 16th century, then the beginning of the 21st century poses a true challenge to researchers and scientific institutions to bring about, with help of science, a new renaissance in the quality of life of the mankind. It is known that there is no a magical formula that can reveal the secrets of scientific research, just as there are no quick and mechanical procedures that, once learned and mastered, may help you qualify for such a type of activity. However, for anyone to get qualified for scientific work, it is necessary to meet two basic requirements: 1) to be talented for that, naturally predisposed; 2) to be introduced to scientific work and its methods by someone developing, 'nurturing' in him/her the qualities necessary for this work. Consequently, introduction to a scientist's trade is best accomplished both by reading various scientific papers and manuals and, even more, by practice, as the Latin saying puts it: Fit fabricando faber (Forging makes a blacksmith) or as Germans believe - Übung macht den Meister (Practice makes the master).
|