1995, vol. 47, br. 6, str. 59-79
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Terorizam kao oblik političkog nasilja
Terrorism as a form of political violence
Sažetak
Raznovrsni oblici primene nasilja, koji su često prerastali u građanske, etničke, verske, lokalne i regionalne sukobe i svetski rat, značajno obeležavaju istoriju ljudskog društva. Terorizam je najgrublji oblik nasilja u međunarodnoj zajednici i višestruko se negativno odražava na međunarodne odnose. To je stalan problem pojedinih zemalja, među kojima je i Jugoslavija. Naime, proširuje se krug unutrašnjih i međunarodnih subjekata koji pribegavaju terorizmu kao sredstvu za postizanje političkih ciljeva na unutrašnjem i međunarodnom planu, čime se stepen društvene opasnosti od terorizma povećava, a javljaju se i njegovi novi oblici i proširuje krug objekata napada. Ne sagledavajući opasnosti od terorizma po međunarodnu zajednicu, pojedine zemlje se određuju prema njemu shodno vlastitom vrednosnom sistemu. Politika tzv. dvostrukog standarda, prema kojoj se terorizam deli na 'dobar' i 'rđav', neizbežno otežava borbu protiv terorizma uopšte. Kao žrtva terorizma, SR Jugoslavija je izgradila svoje stavove u vezi s međunarodnim terorizmom potpisivanjem svih međunarodnih konvencija kojima su utvrđene obaveze država u sprečavanju i kažnjavanju brojnih krivičnih dela kojima se ispoljava međunarodni terorizam. U svetu ne postoji opšteprihvaćena definicija terorizma, pa se on različito tumači. Posebno je upadljivo nerazlikovanje terorizma od terora, što često dovodi do pojmovne zbrke i kolokvijalne upotrebe tih pojmova. Zbog te terminološke zbrke, sračunate na ideološko-političko zamagljivanje problema, neophodno je jasno pojmovno određenje međunarodnog terorizma i njegovih pojedinih kategorija. Bez obzira na postojeće razlike u pojmovnom određenju terorizma, neka njegova osnovna obeležja su izdiferencirana. Pouzdano je ustanovljeno da nosioci terorizma mogu biti države i nedržavni subjekti, koji terorizmom nameravaju da ostvare prevashodno političke ciljeve. Zastrašivanje ili pretnja žrtvi da će biti uništena osnovni su oblici delovanja nosilaca terorizma radi postizanja zacrtanog političkog cilja, a žrtve terorizma su najčešće obični građani, koji nemaju nikakve veze s proklamovanim ciljem terorističkog napada.
Abstract
History is significantly marked by different forms of application of violence, which often grew into civil or ethnical and religious clashes, local and regional conflicts, even wars. Terrorism is the most brutal form of violence in the international community and it affects the international relations in manifold manners. It is one of permanent problems for some countries, including Yugoslavia. Namely, with the increase of number of internal and international subjects that resort to terrorism as the means for the attainment of political goals within a country or within an international framework the endangerment of society from terrorism increases, while also new forms of terrorism appear and the number of targets of terrorists attacks becomes ever greater. Not seeing clearly the endangerment of the entire international community from terrorism, some countries approach this matter according to their own systems of values. Policy of the so called double standards, according to which terrorism can be 'good' or 'bad', inevitably impedes the fighting or suppressing the terrorism. As a victim of terrorism, Yugoslavia established its attitude concerning the international terrorism, by signing each international convention by which are specified obligations of states in prevention and punishment of numerous criminal acts by which the international terrorism appears and expresses itself. Since there does not exist an international and universally accepted definition of terrorism, it is taken or interpreted in different ways. Particularly conspicuous is the lack of distinction between terrorism and terror, which often leads to a confusion of meanings and to their colloquial use. Since such a confusion of terms is often used for an ideological-political blurring of this problem, it is necessary to clearly specify the terms that will precisely express the meaning of the international terrorism and of its different categories or forms. The presently existing differences in the established denomination of terrorism and terrorist activities notwithstanding, a differentiation of some of the basic characteristics of terrorism has been attained. It has been firmly established that the bearers of terrorism can be both states and non-official subjects which intend to attain by terrorism first of all their political goals. Intimidation or threatening of the victim, or victims, with destruction are basic forms of action of bearers of terrorism, used for the eventual attainment of a given political goal, while the victims of terrorism are mostly the common citizens, or innocent bystanders, who have no connection whatsoever with the proclaimed goal of a terrorist action or attack.
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