Drop jump as an exercise of plyometric training method in maximal jump high improvement

Nedeljković, Aleksandar Č.

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Fizička kultura

2003-2004, vol. 57-58, br. 1-4, str. 57-68

Skok u dubinu kao sredstvo pliometrijskog metoda treninga za poboljšanje skočnosti

Nedeljković Aleksandar Č.

Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja

Ključne reči: skok u dubinu; pliometrija; povratni režim; optimalna; amortizujući; reaktivni; struktura mišića

Sažetak

Oduvek su treneri tražili način kako da brzo i jednostavno poboljšaju skočnost svojih sportista. Radovi Verhošanskog su im ponudili jedan novi vid treninga koji se sastojao iz skokova u dubinu (SD). SD karakteriše povratni režim rada mišića (PRRM). Ovakav režim rada mišića podrazumeva da koncentričnoj kontrakciji, tokom odskoka, prethodi brza ekscentrična kontrakcija, prilikom pripreme za odskok. Istraživanja su pokazala da je skok, izveden na ovakav način, viši od onog, izvedenog iz položaja čučnja, odnosno kada je izvršeni rad mišića ostvaren samo u koncentričnom režimu. Još uvek nisu jasno određeni razlozi koji dovode do ove pojave, s obzirom na postojanje različitih pristupa pojedinih istraživača ovom problemu. Veliki broj studija je istraživao uticaj treninga na poboljšanje maksimalne visine skoka, prilikom izvođenja SD. Došlo se do zaključka da je najispravniji pristup putem progresivnog opterećenja sportiste. Da bi se to postiglo na najbolji mogući način, potrebno je odrediti optimalnu visinu sa koje se SD izvodi. Takođe je od značaja i tehnika izvođenja, odnosno da li se doskok vrši pokretom većih ili manjih amplituda, sa dužim ili kraćim zadržavanjem na tlu. Pored dva navedena i niz drugih faktora utiče na efikasnost SD, o čemu treneri moraju voditi računa prilikom konstruisanja programa treninga. Zaključeno je da ovaj metod treninga predstavlja efikasno sredstvo za poboljšanje maksimalne visine skoka. Neistraženi prostori na koje se u ovom radu ukazuje su mehanizam PRRM, kao i uticaj treninga u slučaju primene različitih tehnika SD. Ostaje nejasan i uticaj strukture mišića na efekte treninga.

Abstract

The coaches have searched for ever a way to improve easily and rapidly the jumping ability of their athletes. The works of Verkhoshanski offered them a new aspect of training consisting of drop jumps. These drop jumps are characterized by the stretch reflex of muscular work. Such a reflex of muscular work understands that the concentric contraction during the rebound is preceded by a rapid eccentric contraction while preparing for the rebound. The researches proved that a jump performed this way is higher than the one performed form the squat position, i.e. when the performed muscular work is realized only in concentric regime. Still the reasons that provoke such a phenomenon are not clearly determined, since there are different approaches of certain researchers to this problem. Great number of studies researched the influence of training on improvement of maximal height of the jump while performing drop jump. It was concluded that the most correct approach is by progressive loading of athletes. In order to gain that in the best way it is necessary to determine the optimal height for the performance of the drop jump. It is also significant to choose the technique of performance, i.e. whether the drop jump is done by movement of grater or smaller amplitudes, with longer or shorter stay on the ground. Besides the aforesaid factors there are other than influence the efficiency of drop jump which have to be taken into consideration by the coaches when they create the training program. It was concluded that this method of training is an efficient asset for improvement of the maximal jump height. Non-researched areas that are pointed in this paper stretch reflex of muscular work, as well as the influence of training in the case of application of different drop jumping techniques. However, the influence of the muscular structure on the effects of training remains vague.

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jezik rada: srpski
vrsta rada: pregledni članak
objavljen u SCIndeksu: 02.06.2007.

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