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Sud pravde Evropske unije i autonomne restriktivne mere protiv pravnih i fizičkih lica i nedržavnih entiteta u okviru zajedničke spoljne i bezbednosne politike
The Court of Justice of the European Union and the autonomous restrictive measures against natural and legal persons and non-state entities within the EU common foreign and security policy
Sažetak
Primenom analitičkih i sintetičkih metoda, poput analize sadržaja i komparativne analize, u radu se razmatra delovanje sudova Unije po pitanju primene autonomnih restriktivnih mera protiv pravnih i fizičkih lica i nedržavnih entiteta u okviru ZSBP. U radu se analizira ugovorni i institucionalni kontekst ove vrste restriktivnih mera, sagledava ugovorna pozicija Suda pravde u okviru ZSBP, te razmatraju najrelevantniji aspekti sudske prakse po ovom pitanju, a posebno nastojanje Suda da ojača vlastiti kapacitet u oblasti ZSBP, jurisprudentna identifikacija procesnih kriterijuma koje odluke o restriktivnim merama moraju ispuniti, kao i napori sudova Unije u pravcu zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda pri primeni restriktivnih mera, uključujući i pravo na naknadu štete. Na kraju su data zaključna razmatranja autora u kojima se, između ostalog, konstatuje da je dosadašnja sudska praksa, uz jačanje pozicije Suda pravde u okviru ZSBP, primarno posvećena obezbeđenju svojevrsne ravnoteže između efikasnosti i efektivnosti instrumenata ZSBP, s jedne strane, te zaštite bazičnih vrednosti na kojima pravni poredak Unije počiva, s druge, među kojima se posebno izdvajaju vladavina prava, pravna sigurnost, efikasna sudska zaštita, odnosno zaštita ljudskih prava i sloboda kako ih garantuje pravo Unije.
Abstract
As a part of its specific policies, the EU creates and implements numerous restrictive measures against different subjects. In recent years, the most interesting ones, especially from the perspective of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), have been the autonomous restrictive measures against natural and legal persons and other non-state entities within the Union`s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). After years of legal wandering in this regard, the Lisbon Treaty finally offered an explicit legal basis for this kind of measures, envisaging, as well, for the first time, the CJEU`s jurisdiction in the field of CFSP in some cases, including the one related to reviewing the legality of decisions providing for restrictive measures against natural or legal persons adopted by the Council of the EU on the basis of Chapter 2 of Title V of the Treaty of the European Union. In this regard, the subject matter of this paper are the activities of the EU courts related to the autonomous restrictive measures against individual subjects, analyzed at several relevant although inseparable levels. The first one considers the intention of the CJEU to "use" the situation regarding the autonomous restrictive measures in order to strengthen its position and competences within the CFSP. The second one is oriented to the efforts of the courts to secure the balance between the effectiveness of the CFSP instruments, on the one hand, and the protection of some of the major principles and values of the EU legal order, on the other hand, such as the rule of law, legal certainty, effective judicial protection or the protection of human rights as guaranteed by the EU Law in general. Thirdly, a very important step in this context has been the jurisprudential identification of the key procedural requirements that the Council`s decisions providing for restrictive measures must fulfill as well (aka the designation criteria, statements of reasons criteria and supporting evidence criteria). By constantly insisting on the fulfillment of these criteria, the EU courts exerted a pressure on the Council to improve its decisions providing restrictive measures in a qualitative manner. Recent jurisprudence, such as the Rosneft or Bank Refah Kargaran cases, shows that there is still enough space for the Court`s interventions in this field, and that some interesting Court`s decisions, related to its position within the CFSP or the general relation between the CFSP and other forms of Union`s external activities, could be expected in the years to come.
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