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Recesija i njeno prevazilaženje u uslovima savremenog kapitalizma
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije, Beograd
Sažetak
Svet je u promenama, učestalim krizama i brojnim izazovima. Međunarodni odnosi postaju komplikovani. Ekonomski problemi u svetu doveli su do teške ekonomske situacije. Ekonomiju definišemo kao nauku o zakonima koji upravljaju proizvodnjom, odnosno zakonitostima funkcionisanja privrede i određene društvene strukture. Moglo bi se reći da je depresija imanentna kapitalističkom načinu proizvodnje od njegovog nastanka. Razvoj teorije je sledilo naučnu revoluciju, a poredak u društvu se smatrao deo prirodnog sveta. Nekad religiozno tumačenje društvenih odnosa (pravedna cena), nije više sa pojavom kapitalizma zadovoljavalo zahteve trgovačkog života. Ideju o prirodnom zakonu koju su kasnije nadvladala druga načela, koji se ubrzo pretvorio u odanost načelu korisnosti što je uticalo na podeljenost društva. Sa pojavom industrijske revolucije dolazi industrijski kapitalizam. Dakle, prve teoretičare je zanimalo poreklo bogatstva. Postoje, međutim, i profit, kao i problem cena. S obzirom da se cene mogu nepredviđeno menjati, moralo je postojati neko načelo vrednosti o kojem one zavise. Kakva je uloga novca u privredi? Kakav je odnos između dohotka pojedinca i bogatstva društva u celini? Zatim, da li je pravedno da neke porodice žive u izuzetnoj raskoši, dok druge jedva preživljavaju? To je složeno pitanje, na koje teorija još nije dala zadovoljavajući odgovor. Takođe, pitanje efektivne potražnje, tj. da li će potražnja biti dovoljno velika kako bi se u potpunosti zaposlili svi raspoloživi resursi? Bogatstvo naroda se povećava znanjem, iskustvom, tehnologijom, a sve to raste bogatstvom. Nova proizvodnja donosi i problem prodaje. Potražnja gotovo nikad nije dovoljno velika da bi svi mogli biti potpuno zaposleni? Da li na osnovu modela neoliberalne politike može da se ovlada ekonomskim krizama, kao da li se približavamo stabilnijem svetskom ekonomskom poretku ili se od njega udaljavamo? Od 70. godina XX veka u svetu se dešavaju značajne ekonomske i političke, kao i tehnološke promene, praćene finansijskim i ekonomskim krizama koje su postale sve učestalije. Ekonomske krize kapitalizma nisu prošlost, jer po nekima 'problemi ekonomije depresije nisu iščezli iz savremenog sveta'. Predmet ovog rada jeste pokušaj da se utvrdi kako dolazi do kriza kapitalističkih tržišnih privreda, kako ublažiti ekonomske i društvene posledice prouzrokovanih krizama, kako krizom upravljati, kao i mogućnost njihovog prevazilaženja u kontekstu svetskih dešavanja i njihovog uticaja na razvoj nacionalnih ekonomija, kao i društva u celini.
Abstract
The world is changing, the frequent crises and numerous challenges. International relationships become complicated. Economic problems in the world have led to the difficult economic situation. Economics is defined as the science of the laws that govern the production, or the laws of functioning of the economy and certain social structures. You could say that depression is immanent capitalist mode of production since its inception. The development of the theory of the scientific revolution followed, and order in society are considered part of the natural world. Once a religious interpretation of social relationships (fair price), is no longer with the emergence of capitalism satisfy the demands of commercial life. The idea of natural law which was later overcome other principles, which soon turned into a commitment to the principle of utility which resulted in the division of society. With the advent of the industrial revolution came industrial capitalism. So, the first theorists wondered origin of wealth. There are, however, and profits, as well as the issue price. Given that the prices may change unpredictably, there had to be some principle values on which they depend. What is the role of money in the economy? What is the relationship between an individual's income and wealth of society as a whole? Then, is it fair that some families live in extreme luxury, while others barely survive? This is a complex question to which theory has not yet given a satisfactory answer. Also, the question of effective demand, i.e. whether demand will be large enough to fully employ all available resources? The wealth of nations is increasing the knowledge, experience, technology, and all this growing wealth. New production is also the matter of sales. Demand is almost never large enough to allow everyone to be fully employed? Whether based on the model of neoliberal policies can master the economic crisis, as well as whether approaching more stable global economic order or move away from it? From the 70th years of XX century in the world occur significant economic and political as well as technological changes, followed by the financial and economic crises have become more frequent. The economic crisis of capitalism is not past, because according to some 'problems of depression economics have not disappeared from the modern world.' The subject of this paper is an attempt to determine how to come up with a crisis of capitalist market economy, how to mitigate the economic and social consequences caused by the crisis, to manage the crisis and the possibility of overcoming them in the context of world events and their impact on the development of national economy and society in whole.
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