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2020, vol. 47, iss. 2, pp. 109-118
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Efficiency investigation of the use of pyrophyllite in ensiling maize plant
Ispitivanje efikasnosti korišćenja pirofilita u siliranju biljke kukuruza
aInstitute of Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Row Materials - ITNMS, Belgrade, Serbia bEngineering Academy of Serbia, Belgrade cAD Harbi Ltd., Sarajevo/Ilidža, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) dInstitute of Science Application in Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia eInstitute of General and Physical Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
email: abocarov@ipn.co.rs
Project: The testing was carried out within the research program "Pyrophyllite based product research and development program in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine", supported by AD Harbi Ltd. Sarajevo, Federacija BiH and was also the result of undertaken investigations within the contract on the implementation and financing of scientific researches in 2020 between the Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, Belgrade
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Institution: Institute of Science Application in Agriculture, Belgrade) (MESTD - 451-03-68/2020-14/200045)
Abstract
The paper presents the results of testing the effect of pyrophyllite shale (pyrophyllite) on the quality of maize plant silage, primarily on the production of organic acids, pH value, quality assessment and microbiological safety. The ensiling was done in plastic containers which allowed the storage of 10 kg of chopped green mass. Tested pyrophyllite doses were: 0% in the control treatment (I), 0.5 and 1.0% in experimental treatments (II and III, respectively). Granulated pyrophyllite (100 µm), originating from Parsovići, Konjic site, AD Harbi Ltd., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was manually incorporated. The chopped green mass of the maize plant came from FAO 600 hybrids. The green mass containing 37.17% of dry matter (final waxy ripening phase) was compressed in the same manner in all three treatments during the filling of the vessels. The containers were then covered with nylon foil (0.2 mm) above which a layer of fine sand (approx. 5 cm) was placed in toward the silage protection from air passage. The silages were opened after 7 weeks and organoleptic, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed. The organoleptic properties of silages (colour and odour) were better in silages containing 0.5 and 1.0% pyrophyllite. The silage temperature at the moment of opening of the containers was lower in the treatments with 0.5 and 1.0% added pyrophyllite (13.7 and 13.2 °C, respectively) while in the control treatment it was 14.6 °C. The addition of pyrophyllite to silage affected the production of volatile fatty acids (p ≤ 0.05). The highest amount of lactic acid was found in the silage sample without the addition of pyrophyllite, and acetic acid in the silage treated with 0.5 and 1.0% of pyrophyllite. The lowest amount of butyric acid was determined in the silage with the addition of 1% pyrophyllite. Based on the content and interrelationship of lactic, acetic and butyric acid, as well as the pH values, all three silages were rated as the highest (I) class. The number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, as well as the number of yeasts, was lower in the silages with the addition of 0.5 and 1.0% pyrophyllite. In future, particular attention should be paid on the possibility of pyrophyllite enrichment (e.g. with nitrogen) and more appropriate physical formulation (e.g. granules) that would allow more efficient practical application.
Sažetak
Cilj sprovedenog ispitivanja bio je da se utvrdi uticaj pirofilitnog škriljca (pirofilit) sa nalazišta Parsovići, Konjic, AD Harbi Ltd., Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina na kvalitet fermentacije silaže, u prvom redu na produkciju organskih kiselina (mlečna, sirćetna i buterna), zatim na pH vrednost, ocenu kvaliteta, kao i mikrobiološku ispravnost silaže. Silažiranje je obavljeno u plastičnim posudama koje su omogućile skladištenje 10 kg usitnjene zelene biomase kukuruza. Ispitane doze pirofilita su bile: 0% u kontrolnom tretmanu (I), a 0,5 i 1,0% u eksperimentalnim tretmanima (II i III). Granulisani pirofilit (100 µm) ručno je dodat silaži. Isečena zelena masa biljke kukuruza, poreklom iz FAO 600 grupe hibrida, sadržala je 37,17% suve materije (završna voštana faza) i bila je komprimovana na isti način kod sva 3 tretmana prilikom punjenja posuda. Posude za siliranje su prekrivene najlonskom folijom (0,2 mm) iznad koje je postavljen sloj sitnog peska (približno 5 cm) radi zaštite silaže od sunčevih zraka. Silaža je otvorena posle 7 nedelja i nakon toga su izvršene organoleptičke, hemijske i mikrobiološke analize. Organoleptičke osobine silaže (boja i miris) bile su bolje kod silaža sa dodatkom pirofilita. Temperatura silaža u momentu otvaranja bila je niža u silažama sa dodatkom pirofilita (13,7 odnosno 13,2 °C) u odnosu na silažu bez dodatka pirofilita (14,6 °C). Na osnovu odnosa mlečne, sirćetne i buterne kiseline kao i pH vrednosti sve tri silaže ocenjene su najvišom klasom (I). U silaži bez dodatka pirofilita utvrđen je najveći sadržaj mlečne kiseline, dok je u silažama sa dodatkom 0,5 i 1,0% pirofilita utvrđen veći sadržaj sirćetne kiseline, a najmanji sadržaj buterne kiseline (p ≤ 0.05). Broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, kao i kvasaca bio je manji u silažama sa dodatkom 0,5 i 1,0% pirofilita što je u saglasnosti i sa povećanim sadržajem sirćetne kiseline koja doprinosi aerobnoj stabilnosti silaže. Imajući u vidu da pirofilit, pored ostalog, ima i sposobnost adsorpcije mikotoksina (pre svega aflatoksina) i teških metala, kao i održavanja optimalne vrednosti pH u buragu, dalje izučavanje opravdanosti korišćenja pirofilita u silaži ili senaži, ima svoje opravdanje i ekonomski značaj. Posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti mogućnosti njegovog modifikovanja i obogaćivanja (npr. azotom) i podesnoj fizičkoj formi npr. u obliku granula, koje omogućuju efikasniju aplikaciju u praktičnim uslovima.
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