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2006, vol. 53, br. 3, str. 915-926
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Racionalna primena azota u biljnoj proizvodnji u cilju očuvanja održivosti agroekosistema
The nitrogen rational application in the plant production with the aim to maintain sustainability of the agro-eco-system
aMegatrend Univerzitet, Beograd, Srbija + Megatrend Univerzitet, Fakultet za biofarming, Bačka Topola, Srbija
bUniverzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Srbija
cUniverzitet u Novom Sadu, Ekonomski fakultet, Subotica, Srbija
Sažetak
Azot je jedan od najznačajnijih hranljivih elemenata i koristi se širom sveta za povećanje i održivost proizvodnje poljoprivrednih kultura. Tokom Zelene revolucije, azotna đubriva su doprinela povećanju i održivosti prinosa u različitim agroekosistemima. Azot je bio ključ i ekonomske varijabilnosti poljoprivedne proizvodnje širom sveta, a samim tim i ishrane svetske populacije. S druge strane, čovekov uticaj (sagorevanje fosilnih goriva) doprinosi većem oslobađanju gasova ugljen dioksida i oksida azota, koji utiču na globalno zagrevanje naše planete. Primena organskih i mineralnih azotnih đubriva može izazvati gubitke azota u gasovitim oblicima, kao i ispiranje nitrata. Zato kontaminacija pijaće vode nitratima postaje ozbiljan problem u mnogim delovima sveta. Nove tehnologije u primenjivanju azotnih đubriva i gajenju kultura kao što su: precizna tehnika biljne proizvodnje, brzi testovi za analizu (insitu) koncentracije nitratnog azota u biljnim tkivima, brzi testovi za određivanje hlorofila, korišćenje kompjuterskih modela simulacije za unapređenje planiranja i organizovanja proizvodnje - mogu uticati na povećanje prosečne efikasnosti iskorišćavanja azota u različitim agroekosistemima za više od 50%. U ovom radu je na primeru proizvodnje kukuruza koja je specifična po mnogim parametrima, prikazano koji su načini i mogućnosti racionalne primene azotnih đubriva kao neophodnog postupka u očuvanju "zdravog" agroekosistema.
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient elements used all over the world with the aim of increasing and sustainability of the production of the agricultural crops. During the 'Green Revolution', nitrogen fertilizers contributed to the increase and maintenance of crop yields under different agroecosystems. Nitrogen was a key of economic variability of the agricultural production worldwide, and in this way, it was globally a key of food. On the other hand, anthropogenic influences (fossil fuel combustion) contributed to a greater release of gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, resulting in global warming of our planet. The application of organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizers can cause losses of nitrogen in gaseous states, as well as, nitrite leaching. Therefore, nitrite contamination of drinking water is already a serious problem in many parts of the world. New technologies in the application of nitrogen fertilizers and crop growing, such as: a precise technique of the plant production, quick tests (in situ) for analyzing concentrations of nitrite nitrogen in the plant tissues, rapid tests for chlorophyll determination, the use of computer models of simulation for the improvement of production planning and organizing - can affect the increase of the average efficiency in the nitrogen utilization under different agroecosystems by more than 50%. This paper presents the modes and possibilities of the rational application of nitrogen fertilizers in the seed maize production, which is specific in many of its parameters, as a necessary procedure to maintain a safe agroecosystem.
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