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Legal issues of biomedical assisted reproduction: Reproductive tourism
Pravna pitanja biomedicinski asistirane reprodukcije - reproduktivni turizam
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Law, Serbia
Project: Biomedicine, Environmental Protection and Law (MESTD - 179079)
Abstract
National laws represent a combination of customary and ethical, but also political and other opinions in a society. Particularly delicate, are the laws regulating the issue of assisted reproduction. In this area, broad social acceptance of legal solutions is an essential prerequisite for their use, while achieving the consent of the majority, especially the consensus is extremely difficult, almost impossible. As much as the laws seek to implement those views that are predominant, the adopted solutions will always remain incapable of granting wishes to a certain number of people. These persons, in an understandable effort to realize their desire for an offspring at any cost, will not hold back from seeking help at any place, even if it meant going to distant destinations and extracting large sums of money. In fact, many patients go to other countries which set less restrictive rules in the field of assisted reproduction, and it appears that in the near future we could not expect a reduction of this trend. This phenomenon, which is in theory called reproductive tourism, has long been a reality that one can see as a problem, while others view it as an irreplaceable solution. This paper seeks to highlight the main causes of this phenomenon, but also to try and give an answer as to, whether reproductive tourism should be prevented (and how) or actually its maintenance in force reduces moral conflict in society through a mechanism that recognizes the right of everyone to a considerable extent of free will in decision making regarding the most significant issues which offspring certainly is.
Sažetak
Nacionalni zakoni, predstavljaju šarolik splet, običajnih i etičkih, ali i političkih i drugih stavova jednog društva. Naročito delikatni, jesu zakoni koji regulišu pitanje asistirane reprodukcije. U ovoj oblasti široka društvena prihvaćenost zakonskih rešenja predstavlja bitan preduslov njihove primene, dok je postizanje saglasnosti većine, a naročito postizanje konsenzusa izuzetno teško, gotovo nemoguće. Koliko god zakoni uspevali da implementiraju dominantne stavove društva, uvek će preostati određeni broj onih za ispunjenje čijih želja, usvojena rešenja neće biti prihvatljiva. Ta lica, u razumljivom nastojanju da po svaku cenu realizuju svoju želju za potomstvom, neće se suzdržavati da pomoć potraže bilo gde, makar to podrazumevalo i odlazak na daleke destinacije i izdvajanje velike sume novca. Naime, veliki broj pacijenata odlazi u druge države, koje predviđaju liberalnija zakonska rešenja u oblasti asistirane reprodukcije, a čini se da u skorije vreme ne bismo mogli očekivati opadanje ovog trenda. Ova pojava, u teoriji nazivana reproduktivni turizam, već duže vreme predstavlja realnost koju jedni vide kao problem, dok drugi u njoj vide nezamenljivo rešenje. Ovaj rad, nastoji da pronađe glavne uzroke nastanka ove pojave, ali i da odgovori, treba li sprečavati reproduktivni turizam (i na koji način) ili održavanjem postojećeg stanja omogućiti smanjenje moralnih konflikata u društvu kroz mehanizam kojim se priznaje pravo svakog lica na široku slobodu volje u odlukama o najznačajnijim pitanjima kao što to potomstvo svakako jeste.
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