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2011, vol. 37, iss. 1, pp. 23-34
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Economic and energy efficiency of no-till sowing technology for corn production
Ekonomska i energetska efikasnost u proizvodnji kukuruza tehnologijom direktne setve
aUniversity of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia bAD 'Neoplanta', Čenej cAD 'Pionir', Srbobran
email: nedmal@polj.uns.ac.rs
Abstract
Reviewed in this paper are the results of economic, energy, and environmental efficiency of mercantile corn production within a conservation system of direct sowing. The recorded data on soil condition prior to sowing were within the tolerances for successful implementation of direct corn sowing. For the forecrops, beans and soybean, within the sowing depth range (5 to 8 cm), the soil compaction went up to 10 daN/cm 2, while at depths up to 5 cm, the compaction was as low as 5 daN/cm2. There were no longer surface crop residues, thus seed depositors were not subject to clogging or obstruction. Experimental sowing was performed with 2 types of sowing machines with direct-sowing capability. Both types allowed satisfactory germination, and crop emergence within 89,7 to 101% of the given seeding norm. However, the recorded standard deviation was high, 5,5 to 7,9 cm, while the coefficient of variation of the precision of longitudinal distribution ranged from 28 to 35,6%. Compared to its conventional counterpart - which consists of basic ploughing, soil preparation, and sowing in separate traversals - the energy efficiency of direct corn sowing reflects in following savings: fuel - 15 l/ha, energy - 100 kWh/ha, machine labour - 0,9 h/ha, human labour - 0,8 h/ha. Economic efficiency is expressed in lower costs of tillage and sowing, below 53 €/ha, as well as in higher profit from yield improvement, around 20 €/ha. There were no significant differences in forecrop impact on yield. Both sowing machines performed well as regards sowing quality. However, small advantage can be given to type 'A', regarding the precision of sowing depth, and germination consistency. This also had an effect on the yield, as well as the profit. Environmentally speaking, emission of exhaust gases is proportional to input machine labour, and was reduced in direct sowing by 50%, soil treading was lower by 80%, while the biological activity of soil, and number of earthworms were higher by 60-80%.
Sažetak
U radu su prikazani rezultati ekonomske, energetske i ekološke efikasnosti proizvodnje merkantilnog kukuruza u konzervacijskom sistemu direktne setve. Snimljeni podaci o stanju zemljišta pred setvu kretali su se u tolerantnim vrednostima za uspešno izvođenje direktne setve kukuruza. Sabijenost zemljišta do dubine setve (odnosno od 0 do 10 cm dubine) na predusevu pasulj i soja bili su u granicama do 10 daN, a do 5 cm svega 5 daN. Dužih biljnih ostataka na površini nije bilo, te nisu ometali i zagušivali ulagače sejalica. Obe ispitivane sejalice su ostvarile dobro nicanje i sklop poniklih biljaka u granicama od 89,7 do 101% od zadatog sklopa ali sa visokim vrednostima standardnih odstupanja od 5,5 do 7,9 cm i koeficijentom varijacije u preciznosti uzdužne raspodele od 28 do 35,6%. Energetska efikasnost direktne setve kukuruza u odnosu na konvencionalnu osnovnu obradu raonim plugom, pripremu zemljišta i setvu u zasebnim prohodima je u velikoj uštedi goriva za 15 l/ha, energije za 100 kWh/ha, mašinskog rada za 0,9 h/ha ljudskog rada za 0,8 h/ha. Ekonomska efikasnost ogleda se u smanjenim troškovima za obradu i setvu za 53 €/ha i realizovanoj dobiti posle ubiranja prinosa za 20 €/ha. Velikih razlika u uticaju preduseva nije bilo. Obe sejalice su ostvarile približne vrednosti kvaliteta setve, ali je mala prednost u preciznosti dubine setve i ujednačenosti nicanja u prilog rešenja tip 'A'. To se odrazilo i na realizaciju prinosa, kao i na ekonomsku stavku realizovane dobiti. Ekološki posmatrano emisija izduvnih gasova je srazmerna učešću mašinskog rada manja kod direktne setve u odnosu na konvencionalnu za 70%, gaženje zemljišta za 80%, a biološka aktinvnost zemljišta i broj kišnih glista veći za 60-80%.
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