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2021, vol. 60, br. 93, str. 45-61
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Psihički uticaj i kauzalnost u odštetnom pravu
Psychological influence and causation in tort law
Projekat: This paper is a result of the project "Protection of Human and Minority Rights in the European Legal Space" (no. 179046), conducted by the Faculty of Law, University of Niš.
Sažetak
Uzročnost ima značajnu ulogu u odštetnom pravu, predstavlja uslov odgovornosti i pretpostavku za pripisivanje štete određenom licu. Mada fizička uzročnost uglavnom nije sporna, psihički uticaj predstavlja gotovo uvek složeno pitanje zato što ljudi reaguju različito u istim okolnostima što povlači uzročnu nesigurnost. Navođenje, huškanje, zastrašivanje, ubeđivanje, provokacija, zavođenje su različiti i u skladu sa tim ih treba vrednovati. Šteta nastala usled psihičkog uticaja otvara ključno pitanje: ko je odgovoran - lice koje je podleglo tuđem uticaju ili lice od koga uticaj potiče. Ovde je problem uzročnosti isprepleten sa drugim uslovima odgovornosti kao što su krivica i protivpravnost. Nakon uvoda iz rimskog prava, rad opisuje različite odnose u kojima se štetnik, oštećeni i treće lice nalaze povodom međusobnog mentalnog pritiska različitog intenziteta. Oblici psihičke uzročnosti ilustrovani su uporednom sudskom praksom. Zbog svoje nematerijalne prirode psihički uticaj zahteva posebne kriterijume prilikom procene da li u konkretnom slučaju postoji uzročna veza. Preširoko shvatanje psihičkog uticaja izlaže određena lica prekomernoj odgovornosti.
Abstract
Causation is the prerequisite for establishing tort liability and the presumption for damage attribution to a particular defendant. Physical causation is often indisputable but psychological influence is largely problematic because people respond differently to the same stimuli, thus making causal uncertainty inevitable. Induction, incitement, intimidation, persuasion, provocation or seduction are all different, and they need to be valued accordingly. Damage caused by psychological influence is challenging because it sparks a key question: who is to blame-the person who succumbed to influence, or the "influencer" who exerts his psychological impact on another? The issue of causation is here intertwined with other elements of liability, such as culpa and wrongfulness. After providing an overview of Roman law on this matter, the article describes various relations in which the influencer, the tortfeasor and the plaintiff can find themselves regarding mutual psychological stimuli. The major forms and intensity of psychological influence are illustrated by cases from comparative judicial practice. Due to its immaterial nature, psychological influence calls for tailor-made evaluation criteria aimed at determining the legally relevant cause of specific damage (provocation formula). Moreover, the over-extensive concept of psychological influence may lead to unjustified burden for the influencer.
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