Perennial forage grasses, from breeding to healthy ruminant feed

Sokolović, D.; Radović, J.; Tomić, Z.

doi:10.2298/BAH1103599S

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Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry

2011, vol. 27, br. 3, str. 599-614

Višegodišnje krmne trave, od oplemenjivanja do zdrave hrane za preživare

Sokolović D.^a, Radović J.^a, Tomić Z.^b

^aInstitut za krmno bilje, Kruševac
^bInstitut za stočarstvo, Beograd-Zemun

e-adresa: dejan.sokolovic@ikbks.com

Projekat:

Poboljšanje genetičkog potencijala i tehnologija proizvodnje krmnog bilja u funkciji održivog razvoja stočarstva (MPNTR - 31057)

Ključne reči: perennial grasses; forage yield; utilization; hay; silage

Sažetak

Krmne trave umerenog klimata su glavne komponente travnjaka koji se prostiru na 40,5% svetskog kopna, odnosno na 30 do 40% poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Evropi. Višegodišnje trave pokrivaju zemljište, obezbeđujući stanište i izvor hrane za domaće životinje i na taj način unapređuju stočarsku proizvodnju i doprinose ruralnom razvoju sa poljoprivrednog i ekonomskog aspekta. Trave su prirodna hrana za preživare. Pošto su bogate celulozom, obezbeđuju kabastu komponentu neophodnu za pravilnu funkciju rumena preživara. Ako se konzumiraju u ranijoj fazi, visoko su svarljive i sadrže puno energije. U toj fazi takođe imaju visok nivo minerala i proteina što zadovoljava veliki deo potreba domaćih životinja. Travnjaci obično produkuju veći deo krme konzumirane od strane preživara tokom sezone ispaše. Tokom čuvanja preživara u stajama, seno i silaža od višegodišnjih trava su najbitniji deo obroka. Sve domaće sorte višegodišnjih trava u Srbiji karakterišu visoki prinosi i kvalitet dobijene biomase u lokalnim agroekološkim uslovima i u različitim sistemima iskorišćavanja. Pored ovih osobina koje predstavljaju esencijalne oplemenjivačke ciljeve postoji dosta različitih programa selekcije koji se razlikuju usled različitosti vrsta višegodišnjih trava i kriterijuma oplemenjivanja. Intenziviranje proizvodnje i iskorišćavanja krmnog bilja posebno tokom druge polovine 20. veka vodilo je drastičnom redukovanju broja vrsta trava u sejanim smešama kao i na prirodnim travnjacima. Samo je mali broj vrsta kao što su ljuljevi, mačji rep, ježevica i vijuci bio podesan za intenzivan način iskorišćavanja travnjaka. Međutim od 1980 pa na ovamo u Evropi su mnogi sistemi proizvodnje krmnog bilja deintenzivirani, pa divlje i ostale vrste selekcionisanh višegodišnjih trava dobijaju na značaju. Primetno je da će zastupljenost travnjaka i značaj višegodišnjih trava kao stočne hrane rasti u budućnosti rastom tražnje za stočarskim proizvodima i rastom kupovne moći i standarda ljudskog društva u celini.

Abstract

Temperate forage grasses are the main components of grasslands occupying 40.5 % of the world's terrestrial area and 30-40% of European agricultural area. They cover the land, providing a habitat and a source of food for domestic livestock, thus ensuring a supply of livestock products, with contributes to rural agricultural and economic development. Grasses are a natural food for ruminants. Rich in fibre, they provide the bulk necessary for good rumen function. Eaten at a sufficiently young stage, they are highly digestible and contain lot of energy. At this stage they also have high mineral and protein contents that cover a large part of animals' requirements. Grasslands usually produce the majority of the forage ingested by ruminant animals during grazing season. During winter housing grass hay and silage are often major parts of the staple diets. There are many improved grass genotypes in Serbia that share main characteristics: high yield and quality of dry matter within a target group of environments and in particular agricultural context. Beyond this common breeding goal there are vast of forage breeding programs as varied as the species upon which they are based and the breeders who develop and implement them. The intensification of forage production and utilization, especially during the second half of the twentieth century, led to a drastic reduction in the number of grass species in sown mixtures, as well as in permanent grasslands. Only a small number of species mainly the ryegrasses, timothy, cocksfoot and fescues are highly suited to intensive management. Moreover, in Europe from 1980 onwards, many forage systems were deintensified and wild or hardly selected species became more important in grasslands. Therefore, it is evident that importance of perennial grasses as animal feed will be increased in the future.

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O članku

jezik rada: engleski
vrsta rada: rad po pozivu
DOI: 10.2298/BAH1103599S
objavljen u SCIndeksu: 23.11.2011.

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