Distribution and quantitative abundance of weedy sunflower Helianthus annuus L. in Serbia

Stojićević, Darko; Vrbničanin, Sava

doi:10.5937/actaherb2201053S

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Acta herbologica

2022, vol. 31, br. 1, str. 53-66

Distribucija i kvantitativna zastupljenost korovskog suncokreta Helianthus annuus L. u Srbiji

Stojićević Darko^a, Vrbničanin Sava^b

^aAkademija tehničkih strukovnih studija Beograd, Odsek primenjene inženjerske nauke, Požarevac
^bUniverzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Srbija

e-adresa: sava@agrif.bg.ac.rs

Projekat:

Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije (institucija: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet) (MPNTR - 451-03-68/2020-14/200116)

Ključne reči: korovski suncokret; distribucija; kvantitativna zastupljenost; Srbija

Sažetak

Vrsta Helianthus annuus L. koja se javlja kao korov (weedy sunflower) od gajenog suncokreta se razlikuje po visini, izraženom grananju, mikromorfološkoj i anatomskoj varijabilnosti listova, prisustvu pigmenta antocijana u različitim organima, velikom broju sitnih glavica po biljci, relativno sitnom i morfološki (oblik, boja, maljavost) raznovrsnom semenu, dormantnosti i lomljivosti semena, sporofitskoj samo-inkompatibilnosti, itd. S obzirom da se korovski suncokret (KS) već duže od dve decenije širi na poljoprivrednom i nepoljoprivrednom zemljištu na području intenzivne proizvodnje suncokreta u Srbiji i pravi velike štete u različitim usevima (okopavinama, strnim žitima), kao i zbog potvrđenih slučajeva smanjene osetljivosti na herbicide, cilj u ovim istraživanjima je bio da se utvrdi precizna distribucija i brojnost populacija KS na teritoriji Srbije. Tokom tri godine obilažena su područja gde se gaji suncokret (Banat, Bačka, Srem, Stig) i na lokacijama gde su detektovane manje ili veće populacije KS procenjivana je veličina populacije i kvantitativna zastupljenost biljaka u populaciji. Za ocenu brojnosti biljaka u populaciji korišćena je skala od 1-4 (1vrsta pokriva do 5% snimane površine, 2vrsta pokriva 10-25% snimane površine, 3vrsta pokriva 25-50% snimane površine i 4vrsta pokriva preko 50% snimane površine). Na ukupnoj teritoriji Srbije evidentirano je preko 200 populacija KS i to je prikazano na UTM karti razmera 10x10 km. Najveće populacije (5 do15 ha), sa najvećom brojnošću biljaka KS (>100.000) i prosečnom gustinom (oko 5 biljaka m-2) evidentirane su na području Padinske Skele (u i izvan useva), Zbega (dominantno izvan useva) i Surčin - Galovica (dominantno u usevu). Na osnovu parametara fenotipske diskriminacije, populacija iz Starog Žednika je bila najsličnija gajenom suncokretu [sa prisutnom centralnom glavicom i apikalnim grananjem, sa najmanjim brojem glavica u odnosu na ostale populacije (18,5 biljci-1, dok su neke populacije imale i do 59,4 glavice biljci-1) i sa najvećim glavicama (8,1 cm u prečniku)]. Ovi rezultati treba da budu vodič poljoprivrednim proizvođačima kod planiranja biljne proizvodnje, preduzimanja adekvatnih mera u suzbijanju KS na principima antirezistentne strategije s obzirom da su potvrđeni slučajevi smanjene osetljivosti ovog korova na herbicide, kao i obaveza za njegovo uništavanje izvan obradivih površina s obzirom da su glavni koridori njegovog širenja površine pored puteva, utrine, međe, parlozi, površine duž kanala, itd.

Abstract

The Helianthus annuus L. species which appears as a weedy sunflower differs from the sunflower crop in height, pronounced branching, phenotypic variability, presence of anthocyan pigment, numerous small heads, relatively small and morphologically variable seeds (shape, color, motlling), dormancy and seed brittleness, etc. Weedy sunflover (WS) has been spreading for more than two decades on crop and non-cropland in the area with intensive sunflower crop production in Serbia, where it causes large yield losses in many crops (row crops and cereals). Bearing this in mind, as well as the fact that there have been confirmed cases of reduced herbicide efficacy on WS, the aim of this study was to determine the distribution and define the population size of WS in the whole territory of Serbia. During a three year period, in the region with intensive sunflower crop production (Banat, Bačka, Srem, Stig), the present WS populations were monitored and the quantitative and qualitative traits of their populations were assessed. A scale from 1-4 was used to estimate the number of plants in the population (1 - species cover up to 5% of the surveyed area, 2 - species cover 10-15% of the surveyed area, 3 - species cover 25-50% of the surveyed area, and 4 - species cover over 50% of the surveyed area). Over 200 populations of WS have been recorded in the whole territory of Serbia, and this is shown on a UTM map of 10x10 km scale. The largest WS populations (5 to 15 ha), with the highest number of plants (> 100,000) and average density (about 5 m-2 plants) were recorded in the site of Padinska Skela (in crop and non-croplands), Zbeg (predominantly on non-cropland) and Surčin-Galovica (predominantly in cropland). Based of the phenotypic diversity/discrimination traits, the population from Stari Žednik was the most similar to sunflower crop [with the central head and apical branching, the lowest number of heads compared with other WS populations (18.5 plants-1, while some populations had up to 59.4 heads plant-1) and the largest head size (8.1 cm in diameter)]. These results should be a guide for the farmers when planning crop planting, to undertake the best measures to control WS within the concept of antiresistance strategy, given the confirmed cases of reduced susceptibility of this weed to herbicides, as well as the obligation to eliminate it on non-cropland, as its main corridors of expansion are areas along roads and canals, field crop margines, lost cropland, etc.

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O članku

jezik rada: srpski
vrsta rada: naučni članak
DOI: 10.5937/actaherb2201053S
objavljen u SCIndeksu: 24.09.2022.

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