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2012, vol. 21, br. 1, str. 21-29
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Invazivne biljke korovske flore u organskoj poljoprivredi
Invasive plants in weed flora in organic agriculture
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
Projekat: Organska poljoprivreda: Unapređenje proizvodnje primenom đubriva, biopreparata i bioloških mera (MPNTR - 31027)
Sažetak
Organska poljoprivreda podrazumeva sistem ekološkog upravljanja proizvodnjom koji promoviše i unapređuje biodiverzitet, kruženje materija i biološku aktivnost zemljišta uz minimalnu upotrebu materija koje nisu poreklom sa farme. Kontrola korova pri ovom načinu poljoprivredne proizvodnje je kompleksan posao koji dodatno usložnjava prisustvo invazivnih biljaka u korovskoj flori. Izuzetno efikasni fiziološki i reproduktivni kapaciteti alohtonih invazivnih vrsta daju im prednost u odnosu na autohtone vrste. Analizom flore korova pri organskoj proizvodnji heljde, soje, pšenice, kukuruza, kupusa i zelene salate, koju čini 47 taksona, konstatovane su Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cirsium arvense i Senecio vulgaris, vrste okarakterisane kao invazivne za područje Evrope, a Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides, Datura stramonium, Erigeron canadensis, Portulaca oleracea i Sorghum halepense kao invazivne za područje Vojvodine. Poznavanje i analiza bioloških i ekoloških karakteristika invazivnih vrsta prioritet su u izboru mera kontrole zakorovljenosti pri gajenju useva u uslovima organske poljoprivrede.
Abstract
Organic agriculture means ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, cycling of matter and biological soil activity with minimal using of materials which are not origin from the farm. Weed control in this way of agricultural production is a complex task that further complicates the presence of invasive plants in the weed flora. Highly efficient physiological and reproductive capacities of invasive species give them an advantage over native species. The analysis of weed flora in the organic production of buckwheat, soybeans, wheat, corn, cabbage and lettuce showed that Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cirsium arvense and Senecio vulgaris are characterized as invasive plants for Europe region, and Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus blitoides, Datura stramonium, Erigeron canadensis, Portulaca oleracea and Sorghum halepense are labeled as invasive plants for Vojvodina Province. Knowledge and analysis of biological and ecological characteristics of invasive species are a priority in selecting the measures of weed control in growing crops in conditions of organic agriculture.
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