2014, vol. 38, br. 3, str. 1329-1348
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Pravednost u liberalnoj i agonističkoj perspektivi
Justice in liberal and agonistic perspectives
Projekat: Demokratski i nacionalni kapaciteti političkih institucija Srbije u procesu međunarodnih integracija (MPNTR - 179009)
Sažetak
Savremeni liberalno-demokratski sistemi utemeljeni su na načelima vladavine većine, vladavine prava i socijalne pravde. Liberali teže području slobode bez prisile kao ostvarenje fundamentalnog aspekta slobode jer nemaju poverenja u moć, te samu neutralnost opravdavaju pravednošću koja se temelji na jednakom odnosu prema svim pojedincima, budući da su mišljenja da upravo neutralnost javne sfere pruža jednake mogućnosti svakom pojedincu. Agonistička perspektiva, koja naglasak upravo stavlja na nužnost postojanja sukoba i borbe, smatra da je demokratija oblik propadanja organizovane snage, a institucionalnost zarobljava čoveka. U neutralnoj i nepristranoj javnoj sferi, liberali prava ne smatraju kao nešto što država 'daje' svojim članovima, nego su ona granica preko koje država i njen pravni poredak ne smeju preći. Cilj rada je prikazati da iako je liberalizam usmeren na trajno održanje ustanovljenih seta normi pravednosti, jednakosti i slobode i ograničavanju upotrebe moći, agonistički pristup ukazuju na njegove limite kroz borbu za samoostvarenje, te isticanjem političkoga koje znači odustajanje od sigurnosti statusa quo. Filozofi poput Ničea (Nietzschea), Arent (Arendt) i Šmita (Schmitta) smatraju da aktivna politika u temelju mora biti 'agonistička', utemeljena na isticanju moći, a ne njezinom ograničavanju, budući se u njezinom delovanju različitost okuplja u zajedničkom delovanju sa ciljem promocije svojih ciljeva, suprotstavljanju perspektiva, dok zakonodavna i institucionalna osnova moraju biti samo okvir za artikuliran prostor slobode. Veštački stvoren svet zakona i institucija limitiran je: u njemu ne postoji politika pregovaranja i argumenata. Put do stvaranja pravednosti je put samoostvarenja kroz ponovno utemeljenu autonomiju javne sfere i političko djelovanje. Jednakost moći treba biti temelj same ideje pravednosti.
Abstract
Modem liberal democracies have been established on the principles of majority rule, the rule of law, and social justice. Liberals strive for freedom without coercion as a fundamental aspect of liberty because they have no confidence in power and they justify neutrality itself with justice, which is based on equal treatment of all individuals. According to the liberal approach, the neutrality of the public sphere offers equal opportunities to every individual. The agonistic perspective, which emphasizes the necessity of conflict and struggle, believes that democracy is a form of degradation of organized force and that institutionality entraps people. In a neutral and impartial public sphere, liberals do not consider rights as something that states 'give' to its members, but as a limit which the state and its legal system must not exceed. The aim of this paper is to show that, although liberalism is aimed at permanently maintaining the established set of norms and limiting power, the agonistic approach reveals the limitations of liberalism through struggle for self-realization and emphasis that being political means abandoning the security of status quo. Philosophers such as Nietzsche, Arendt, and Schmitt found that active politics must be fundamentally 'agonistic', based on the display of power and not its restriction because within its scope diversity is gathered in a joint action with the aim of promoting its goals and opposing various perspectives, whereas legislative and institutional basis must only be a framework for the articulated space of freedom. The artificial world of laws and institutions is limited because it has no politics of negotiations and arguments. To achieve justice is to achieve self-realization through reestablished autonomy of the public sphere and political action. Equality of power should be the basis of the idea of justice.
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