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2013, iss. 33, pp. 119-131
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Comparative analysis of agents for biological control of pathogenic fungi isolated from medicinal plants
Komparativna analiza agenasa za biološku kontrolu patogenih gljiva izolovanih sa lekovitih biljaka
Institute for Medicinal Plant Research 'Dr. Josif Pančić ', Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract
Biological control involves the use of beneficial microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi) or the products of their metabolism, as well as the application of plant extracts and essential oils as alternative measures in plant protection. Examining over 40 stored dried medicinal plant species the lowest microbial quality were determined for corn silk, mint herb and leaf, nettle leaf, horsetail herb and marigold flower. Although mixed infections was recorded with different types of fungus the Fusarium was noted as the most dominant genera for most tested drugs, followed by Aspergillus and Alternaria. In order to find an effective biological control agent, we investigated the possibility of applying the 22 essential oils and 14 isolates of Bacillus sp. in the control of selected identified fungi. All tested essential oils showed antifungal activity on pathogenic fungi isolated from herbal drugs, but with varying degrees of inhibitory activity. Savory, oregano and thyme oil, with phenols as the dominant component, were the most effective, while vetiver oil, and those from Citrus species, with dominant monoterpen hydrocarbons, were the least effective against pathogenic fungi. According to the results of tested synergistic activity of selected essential oils, combination of essential oils exhibited better antifungal activity than when they were tested individually. Using in vitro, dual cultivation assay, Bacillus sp. isolates showed various degree of antagonistic activity against different types of plant pathogenic fungi. The best antagonism showed isolates SS- 12.6, SS-13-1, SS-27.7, SS-38.3, SS-38.4 and SS-40.2, as well as lipopeptide extract isolated from Bacillus sp. SS-12.6. Isolates were more effective in the presence of selected essential oils, than when tested individually, with particular exceptions. Based on the results obtained in this work we conclude that the essential oils of savory, oregano, thyme and roses, as well as Bacillus sp. isolate SS-12.6 and its lipopeptide extract, represent a good basis for the formulation of products with potential efficacy in the control of plant pathogenic fungi, either in preventing the contamination in the field, or via indoors decontamination.
Sažetak
Ispitivanjem mikopopulacije na određenom lekovitom bilju utvrđene su mešovite infekcije gljivama iz različitih rodova, ali većina pripada rodu Fusarium, potom Aspergillus i Alternaria koji su potencijalni producenti mnogih mikotoksina. U cilju prevencije i zaštite lekovitog bilja biološkom kontrolom tj. primenom preparata prirodnog porekla, ispitivali smo mogućnost primene etarskih ulja i izolata Bacillus sp. Sva testirana etarska ulja su pokazala antifungalnu aktivnost na sve fitopatogene gljive sa različitim stepenom inhibitorne aktivnosti. Etarska ulja čubra, origana i timijana pokazala su najveći antifungalni potencijal na sve testirane gljive, dok je etarsko ulje vetivera ispoljlo najslabiju inhibitornu aktivnost. Ispitivanjem sinergističke aktivnosti odabranih etarskih ulja može se reći da su kombinacije ulja ispoljile bolju antifungalnu aktivnost nego kada su ulja ispitivana pojedinačno. Ispitivanjem antagonističke aktivnosti 14 izolata Bacillus sp. prema odabranim gljivama pokazan je različit stepen inhibicije prema različitim vrstama testiranih gljiva. Najbolji antagonizam ispoljili su izolati SS-12.6, SS-13-1, SS-27.7, SS-38.3, SS-38.4 i SS-40.2, kao i lipopeptidni ekstrakt izolovan iz Bacillus sp. SS-12.6. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da etarska ulja i izolati Bacillus sp. predstavljaju dobru osnovu za potencijalnu formulaciju preparata sa efikasnošću u kontroli fitopatogenih gljiva, bilo prevencijom kontaminacije u polju, ili dekontaminacijom u zatvorenom prostoru.
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