2018, vol. 46, br. 3, str. 345-358
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Najznačajnije bolesti oraha
The most important diseases of walnut
Sažetak
Plod biljke oraha smatra se jednom od najstarijih hranjivih namirnica koja pozitivno deluje na ljudski organizam i zdravlje. Uprkos pogodnim uslovima i visokom stepenu prilagođavanja, u našoj zemlji orah je nedovoljno zastupljen u plantažnim zasadima i uglavnom je prisutan u okućnicama i pored puteva kao pojedinačno stablo. Fitopatopatogene gljive i bakterije predstavljaju značajan problem u proizvodnji oraha. Fitopatogeni mikroorganizmi koji napadaju orah su: fitopatogene gljive Ophiognomonia leptostyla, Nectria cinnabarina, Geosmithia morbida, Microstroma juglandis, fitopatogene bakterije Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, Brenneria nigrifluens, Erwinia rubrifaciens i virus Cherry leaf roll virus, CLRV-WB. Sadnja otpornih sorti, promet zdravog sadnog materijala, uklanjanje zaraženog lišća i plodova sa površine zemljišta kao infektivnog materijala, orezivanje stabala dezinfikovanim alatom, izbalansirana ishrana, preventivno i kurativno tretiranje sredstvima za zaštitu bilja su osnovne mere borbe protiv ovih fitopatogenih mikroorganizama. U radu su opisani ekonomski značaj i rasprostranjenost, simptomi, epidemiologija i mere suzbijanja navedenih patogena.
Abstract
The fruit of a walnut plant is considered as one of the oldest nutritious foods and has a positive effect on human health. Despite favorable conditions and a high level of adaptation, in our country, walnut is insufficiently present in orchards and is mostly found in gardens in close proximity of houses and roads as a single tree. Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria are significant problem in the production of this plant species. Phytopathogenic microorganisms which attack walnut plants are: phytopathogenic fungi Ophiognomonia leptostyla, Nectria cinnabarina, Geosmithia morbida, Microstroma juglandis, bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, Brenneria nigrifluens, Erwinia rubrifaciens and the Cherry leaf roll virus, CLRV-WB. Planting resistant varieties, using healthy planting material, removing infected leaves and fruits from the surface of the ground as infectious material, pruning trees with disinfected tools, balanced nutrition, preventive and curative treatment with plant protection tools are the basic control measures for these phytopathogenic diseases. This paper describes the economic significance and prevalence, symptoms, epidemiology and measures of the suppression of these pathogens.
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