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2013, vol. 47, br. 4, str. 61-80
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Klimatske promene i građansko pravo - elementi za strategiju prilagođavanja
Climate changes and civil law: Elements for an adaptation strategy
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet
Projekat: Biomedicina, zaštita životne sredine i pravo (MPNTR - 179079)
Sažetak
U novije vreme se sve češće ukazuje na potrebu da se na sistemski način odgovori na izazove koji se javljaju u vezi sa zaštitom životne sredine i održivim razvojem. U središtu te problematike su klimatske promene i njihove posledice. U radu je ukazano na činjenicu da se klima menja pod uticajem ljudskih aktivnosti, ali i usled prirodnih zakonitosti koje je opisao Milutin Milanković. Društvo bi trebalo da organizovano radi na otklanjanju uzroka antorpogene prirode, i da se istovremeno prilagođava klimatskim promenama koje su neizbežne. Evropska unija je usvojila posebnu Strategiju prilagođavanja na klimatske promene. Tim dokumentom su određene smernice za razvoj javnih politika i operativnih mera u različitim oblastima. Slične (nacionalne) strategije su donele i pojedine države. Efikasno sprovođenje strateških dokumenata i javnih politika nije moguće bez odgovarajuće pravne regulative. Pravo tradicionalno kasni za društvenim potrebama, uključujući i one koje se tiču reagovanja na klimatske promene i njihove posledice. U radu je ukazano na potrebu da se građansko pravo prilagodi aktuelnim trendovima. Autor smatra da je neizbežno redefinisanje prava svojine i da će ono zbog klimatskih promena biti dodatno ograničeno kako u javnom interesu, tako i radi zaštite egzistencijalnih interesa pojedinaca i užih društvenih grupa. U tom kontekstu, posebno je ukazano na razmišljanja pojedinih evropskih i američkih autora o socijalnoj funkciji ovog i dugih instituta privatnog prava. Da bi se postigao viši stepen društvene kohezije u kriznim situacijama, pravna regulativa bi morala da bude u većoj meri usaglašena sa moralnim pravilima. Društvo će morati da stvara pravednije pravo, a pojedinci da ga ostvaruju uz više uzajamnog razumevanja i solidarnosti. Autor smatra da treba reformisati i tradicionalno imisiono pravo. Pravila o imisijama ne treba da budu usmerena samo na zaštitu privatnih, već i na zaštitu javnih interesa. U tom smislu i odgovornost ne treba da bude vezana samo za nedopušteni uticaj na susedne nepokretnosti, već je treba proširiti i na slučajeve u kojima neko emituje u okolinu nešto što ugrožava širu društvenu zajednicu. U radu je takođe ukazano na potrebu da se preciznije urede pitanja koja se odnose na eroziju tla, promenu vodotoka, na službenosti i sl.
Abstract
In recent days, the need for systematically dealing with the challenges, which appear in relation to environment protection and sustainable development is ever more frequently pointed to. In the center of that problematics are climate changes and their effects. The work points out the fact that the climate is changing due to human activities, as well as the laws of nature which have been formulated by Milutin Milanković. In this regard, society should put organized work into eliminating the anthropogenic factors, while simultaneously adapting to the climate changes that are inevitable. The European Union has adopted a special Strategy for adaptation to climate changes. That document defines guidlines for development of public policies and operative measures in different areas. Similar (national) strategies have been adopted by certain countries. Efficient application of strategic documents and public policies is not possible without adequate legal regulative. Law traditionally comes late, as compared to social needs, including those related to reacting to climate changes and their effects. The work points out the need for civil law to be adapted to current trends. The author thinks that redifining the property rights are inevitable, and that it will be, due to climate changes, further restricted, in public interest, and for the sake of protection of existential interests of individuals and smaller social groups, alike. In this regard, thinkings of certain European and American authors on social function of that and other institutes of private law have been pointed out. In order for a higher level of social cohesion to be achieved in crisis situations, legal regulative should be harmonized with moral rules to a greater extent. Society should create a more just law, while individuals should apply it with more mutual understanding and solidarity. The author thinks that the traditional imission law should be transformed as well. Rules on imission should not be directed only to protection of private interests, but also to protection of public interests. In this regard, responsibility should not be bound only to unallowed influence on neighboring property, but should be expanded to cases in which someone emits into environment something that poses a threat to a wider community. The work also points out the need to more precisely regulate problems regarding erosion of soil, changing of water flows, servitudes, etc.
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