2021, vol. 46, br. 3, str. 145-149
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Sanitetska služba u Srbiji do Prvog svetskog rata
Medical service in Serbia before the First world war
Sažetak
Moderna medicina u Srbiji počela je da se razvija tek nakon oslobođenja od Turaka u Drugom srpskom ustanku 1815. Prvi evropski obrazovani lekari došli su u Srbiju 1819, po nalogu kneza Miloša. Vojna sanitetska služba, zadužena za sistematsko lečenje i brigu o ranjenim i bolesnim srpskim vojnicima, osnovana je 1835. godine. Prvi vojni lekari i načelnici srpskog saniteta bili su stranci, dr Emerih Lindenmajer (1806-1884) i dr Karlo Beloni (1812 -1878), koji su osnovali vojne bolnice u Beogradu, Ćupriji i Paraćinu. U vreme srpsko-turskih ratova (1876-1878), Srbija je imala svega 19 vojnih lekara na oko 130.000 vojnika, divizije su imale samo previjališta za prvu medicinsku pomoć, a postojao je i jedan sanitetski brod za evakuaciju ranjenika. Strane lekare nasledili su srpski lekari školovani u Beču, dr Vladan Đorđević (načelnik saniteta 1877-1884), dr Mihajlo Mika Marković (načelnik saniteta 1886-1903) i dr Lazar Genčić (načelnik saniteta 1909-1915). Broj vojnih lekara je do 1885 (srpsko-bugarski rat) povećan na po jednog lekara na 1.000 vojnika, a svaka divizija (5.000 vojnika) dobila je poljsku bolnicu sa 200 kreveta i sanitetsku četu sa 5 lekara i 100 bolničara. Do balkanskog rata (1912) otvoreno je 5 stalnih vojnih bolnica sa hirurškim odeljenjima, a sanitetske čete divizija imale su po 4 lekara i 450 bolničara, i po 4 poljske bolnice za 400 ranjenika. Za evakuaciju i lečenje ranjenika prvi put su korišćeni i sanitetski vozovi. Higijensko-epidemiološka služba bila je zanemarena, te su bile česte pojave dizenterije, trbušnog tifusa i malarije: samo od kolere umrlo je 1913. godine preko 5.000 srpskih vojnika.
Abstract
Modern medicine in Serbia began to develop only after the liberation from the Turks in the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. The first European-educated doctors came to Serbia in 1819, by order of Prince Milos. The military medical service, in charge of systematic treatment and care of wounded and sick Serbian soldiers, was founded in 1835. The first military doctors and chiefs of Serbian medicine were foreigners, Dr. Emerich Lindenmeier (1806-1884) and Dr. Carlo Belloni (1812-1878), who founded military hospitals in Belgrade, Ćuprija and Paraćin. During the Serbian-Turkish wars (1876-1878), Serbia had only 19 military doctors for about 130,000 soldiers, the divisions had only dressing stations for first aid, and there was also a medical ship for the evacuation of the wounded. Foreign doctors were succeeded by Serbian doctors educated in Vienna, Dr. Vladan Djordjevic (Chief of Medical Services 1877-1884), Dr. Mihajlo Mika Markovic (Chief of Medical Services 1886-1903) and Dr. Lazar Gencic (Chief of Medical Services 1909-1915). By 1885 (Serbian-Bulgarian war), the number of military doctors was increased to one doctor per 1,000 soldiers, and each division (5,000 soldiers) received a field hospital with 200 beds and a medical company with 5 doctors and 100 paramedics. Before the Balkan War (1912), 5 permanent military hospitals with surgical wards were opened, and the medical companies of the divisions had 4 doctors and 450 paramedics, and 4 field hospitals for 400 wounded. For the first time, ambulance trains were used for evacuation and treatment of the wounded. The hygienic-epidemiological service was neglected, and dysentery, typhoid fever and malaria were frequent: in 1913, over 5,000 Serbian soldiers died of cholera alone.
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