Metrika

  • citati u SCIndeksu: 0
  • citati u CrossRef-u:0
  • citati u Google Scholaru:[]
  • posete u poslednjih 30 dana:6
  • preuzimanja u poslednjih 30 dana:5

Sadržaj

članak: 2 od 35  
Back povratak na rezultate
2020, vol. 11, br. 2, str. 580-619
Otklanjanje nedostataka u indijskm kreditnim i stečajnim okvirima prilagođenim rešenjima iz angloameričke pravničke literature
O.P. Jindal Global University, Center for International Trade and Economic Laws, Haryana, India

e-adresawciheme@jgu.edu.in
Sažetak
Zakon koji uređuje kreditne transakcije u Indiji je izdeljen čime stvara poteškoće ugovornim stranama da koriste kredit. Sveukupni efekat ovakvog rešenja se već oseća u niskom rangu zemlje na indikatoru "pristupa kreditu" u Izveštaju Svetske banke za 2020. godinu o lakoći obavljanja poslovanja (Doing business report). Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji iz 2016. godine (Kodeks), koji je gotovo kopija engleskog Zakona o stečaju iz 1986. godine, ima određene nedostatke koji su nespojivi sa lokalnim stanjem stvari u pogledu pristupa kreditima i reorganizaciji preduzeća. Neki od ovih nedostataka proizlaze iz nepravedne kategorizacije poverilaca u "operativne" i "finansijske" tipove u Kodeksu i posledične zabune koja je zabeležena u slučaju Vrhovnog suda "Domaći kupci" iz 2019. godine. Začuđujuće, finansijski poverioci uživaju povoljniji tretman propisan Kodeksom u odnosu na operativne poverioce, uključujući pravo na konstituisanje odbora poverilaca u glasanju i potvrđivanju planova reorganizacije. Proces rešavanja nelikvidnosti predviđen Kodeksom nije kompatibilan sa činjenicom da preko 90% kompanija koje posluju u Indiji spadaju u mala i srednja preduzeća, odnosno porodična preduzeća. Smatra se da će znatni finansijski teret procesa reorganizacije postepeno uništiti ova mala i srednja preduzeća i prouzrokovati nagli rast stope nezaposlenosti. U radu se ukazuje na brojne nedostatke u indijskim kreditnim i stečajnim sistemima i predlaže se uvođenje određenih rešenja iz engleskog sistema, kao i američkog poglavlja 11 i člana 9. Jedinstvenog trgovinskog zakona. U radu se daje niz preporuka koje mogu biti od pomoći u otklanjanju identifikovanih nedostataka. Prvo, razne sigurnosne institute rasute u različitim delovima pravnog okvira i propisa, npr. SARFESI zakon, Zakon o kompanijama, Zakon o kupovini najma, indijski zakon o obligacijama, zakon o uslovnoj prodaji i najmu opreme, primenjivim pravilima common law-a, i druge, trebalo bi podvesti pod jedinstveni funkcionalni pristup kao u članu 9. američkog Jedinstvenog trgovinskog zakona koji se primenjuje na obezbeđene kreditne transakcije. Tako da bez obzira na to kako ugovorne strane kvalifikuju transakciju, član 9. bi se primenjivao ako je njihovim sporazumom predviđeno obezbeđivanje otplate kredita ličnom imovinom dužnika. Ako se usvoji jedinstveni funkcionalni pristup, on će poboljšati predvidljivost, smanjiti složenost i troškove pristupa kreditima i pozitivno uticati na lakoću poslovanja u Indiji. Drugo, rad preporučuje vraćanje Dobrovoljnog aranžmana kompanije, koji je nekada bio deo indijskog zakona prema ukinutom Zakonu o kompanijama iz 1956. godine. S obzirom na jedinstvene uslove u Indiji, kako se tvrdi u radu, Dobrovoljni aranžman kompanije, koji je funkcionalni ekvivalent američkoj povelji 11. DIP o reorganizaciji, Indiji više odgovara zbog nižih troškova reorganizacije i činjenice da je većina indijskih kompanija mala i u porodičnom vlasništvu, odnosno da oni generalno ne mogu da priušte velike troškove administracije i postupka reorganizacije. Treće, proizilazi iz druge preporuke, budući da je trenutni postupak reorganizacije prototip engleskog rešenja, koji predviđa rad lica u postupku reorganizacije koji u stvarnosti nisu profesionalci u pravom smislu, ili čija stručnost teško može biti relevantna za spasavanje određenih vrsta preduzeća. Na primer, dva glavna tipa zanimanja predviđena Pravilnikom o licima zaposlenim u postupku stečaja jesu pravnici i računovođe koji predstavljaju profesije orijentisane na usluge, pri čemu iskustvo stečeno iz advokatske ili računovodstvene prakse teško da može biti korisno za postupak reorganizacije kompanija iz IT sektora, supermarketa, prehrambenih prodavnica, građevinskih kompanija i drugih vrsta preduzeća koja se bave proizvodnjom sa složenim poslovnim modelima. Ne postoji zatvorena lista tipova preduzeća koja se mogu pojaviti u budućnosti. Stoga je ograničavanje profesija iz kojih dolaze zaposleni u procesu reorganizacije ozbiljna greška i izgleda kao favorizovanje interesa pravnika i računovođa nad ekonomskim interesima pojedinaca i preduzeća u Indiji. Još jednom, ovo nameće pitanja o regulatornom položaju IBC 2016 i pripadajućim propisima IRP. Naime, trebalo bi ponovo uključiti u indijski sistem stečaja Dobrovoljni aranžman kompanija koji odražava američki DIP model iz poglavlja 11. Četvrto, i poslednje, kategorizacija poverilaca u finansijske i operativne poverioce, sa neprimerenim preferencijalnim tretmanima za prve, štetna je za ukupnu efikasnost i poverenje u kreditni sistem i sistem stečaja. Većina poverilaca obično spada u kategoriju "operativnih", a prema IBC 2016, između ostalih nedostataka, oni nisu kvalifikovani za ulazak u odbor poverilaca gde bi imali pravo glasa za predloženi plan reorganizacije koji utiče na njihova prava u pogledu obezbeđenja. Takva mogućnost predviđa se u engleskom i američkom sistemu gde se pravo glasa o predloženom planu reorganizacije daje svim poveriocima. Mogućnost započinjanja postupka reorganizacije preduzeća nakon dospeća duga bez prethodnog formalnog zahteva (što se zahteva od operativnih poverilaca), pokazuje da Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji iz 2016. godine nije objektivan i veran filozofiji korporativnog spasavanja. Postoji hitna potreba za reformom sa svešću o pomenutim pitanjima. U svakom slučaju, pomenuti nedostaci predstavljaju nužne razloge za indijski parlament da preispita i reformiše Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji.
Reference
*** (2013) Companies Act 2013. India
*** (1972) Hire Purchase Act 1972. India
*** (1872) Indian Contract Act
*** (1986) Insolvency Act 1986. UK
*** (2016) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. India
*** (2019) The World Bank data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOT-L?locations=IN, 12. 9. 2020
*** (2020) World Bank ease of doing business report. https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings
*** (1908) Registration Act. India
*** (2002) SARFAESI Act 2002. India
*** (1982) The Report of the Review Committee on Insolvency Law and Practice. UK, Cmnd 8558
*** (1882) Transfer of Property Act. India
*** (2001) Insolvency: A second chance. UK, White paper, Cmnd 5234, July
*** (2004) Black's law dictionary
*** SME sector in India: Statistics, trends and reports. https://evoma.com/business-centre/sme-sector-in-india-statistics-trends-reports/#:~:text=Number%20of%20SMEs%20in%20India,%2C%2040%25%20of%20India's%20workforce. 12. 9. 2020
Ali, P. (2002) The law of secured finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Armour, J., Deakin, S. (2001) Norms in private insolvency: The 'London Approach' to the resolution of financial distress. Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1(1): 21-51
Baird, D.G. (1983) Notice filing and the problem of ostensible ownership. Journal of Legal Studies, 12(1): 53-67
Buchheit, L.C., Pam, J.S. (2004) The pari passu clause in sovereign debt instruments. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 53
Burkart, M., Ellingsen, T. (2004) In-kind finance: A theory of trade credit. American Economic Review, 94(3): 569-590
Chiu-Iris, H.-Y. (2006) The legal fabrication of security interests in the United Kingdom. North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 31(3)
Clarke, A. (1997) Security interests as property: Relocating security interests within the property framework. u: Harris J.W. [ur.] Property problems from genes to pension funds, London: Kluwer
Cork, K. (1988) Cork on Cork: Sir Kenneth Cork takes stock. London: Macmillan
Danielson, M.G., Scott, J.A. (2004) Bank loan availability and trade credit demand. Financial Review, 39(4): 579-600
Das, S. (2018) IBBI looks to rationalize fees structure. The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ibbi-looks-to-rationalise-fees-structure/articleshow/63584369.cms?from=mdr, 10. 7. 2020
Dutt, I. (2019) IBC resolutions exceed new time limit of 330 days prescribed by government. Business Standard, https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ibc-resolutions-exceed-new-time-limit-of-330-days-prescribed-by-govt-119102800661_1.html, 12. 8. 2020
Finch, V. (1994) Personal accountability and corporate control: The role of directors' and officers' liability insurance. Modern Law Review, 57(6): 880-915
Finch, V. (1997) The measures of insolvency law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 17(2): 227-252
Finch, V. (2009) Corporate insolvency law: Perspectives and principles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Flood, J. (2001) The vultures fly east: The creation and globalisation of the distressed debt market. u: Nelken D, Feest J. [ur.] Adapting legal cultures, Oxford: Hart Publishing
Gallagher, A. (2010) The growth of schemes of arrangement as the tool of choice in complex restructurings. American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, Vol. 29, October issue
Gikay, A. (2017) Rethinking Ethiopian Secured Transactions Law through comparative perspective: Lessons from the Uniform Commercial Code of the US. Mizan Law Review, 11(1): 153-153
Gilmore, G. (1965) Security interests in personal property. Boston: Little, Brown, Vol. 1
Goode, R. (1988) Legal problems of credit and security. London: Sweet & Maxwell
Goodhart, W. (1986) Clough Mill Ltd v. Martin: A comeback for Romalpa?. Modern Law Review, Vol. 49
Goodhart, W., Jones, G. (1980) The infiltration of equitable doctrine into English commercial law. Modern Law Review, 43(5): 489-513
Government of India, Ministry of Finance (2015) Interim report of the Bankruptcy Law Reform Committee. p. 77, http://finmin.nic.in/reports/Interim_Report_BLRC.pdf, 12. 9. 2020
Gudgeon, M.R., Joshi, S.A. (2013) The restructuring and workout environment in Europe. u: Larkin B. [ur.] Restructuring and workout strategies for maximizing value, Globe, Law and Business
Gullifer, L. (2008) The reforms of the Enterprise Act 2002 and the floating charge as a security device. Canadian Business Law Journal, Vol. 46
Gupta, S.K. (2014) Corporate rescue in India: Trends and prospects. International Company and Commercial Law Review, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Harris, S.L., Mooney, C.W. J. (1993) The Article 9 Study Committee report: Strong signals and hard choices. Idaho Law Review, Vol. 29
Iheme, C.W. (2016) Towards reforming the legal framework for secured transactions in Nigeria. Springer
Iheme, W.C., Mba, S.U. (2017) Towards reforming Nigeria's secured transactions law: The Central Bank of Nigeria's attempt through the back door. Journal of African Law, 61(1): 131-153
Keay, A. (2007) Company directors' responsibilities to creditors. London: Routledge
Kraakman, R.H. (1984) Corporate liability strategies and the costs of legal controls. Yale Law Journal, 93(5): 857-857
Li, K., Wang, W. (2016) Debtor-in-possession financing, loan-to-loan, and loan-to-own. Journal of Corporate Finance, 39, Issue C: 121-138
Lipson, J.C. (2005) Secrets and liens: The end of notice in commercial finance law. Emory Bankruptcy Development Law Journal, Vol. 21
LoPucki, L.M. (1997) The systems approach to law. Cornell Law Review, Vol. 82
LoPucki, L.M., Abraham, A.I., Delahaye, B.P. (2013) Optimizing English and American security interests. Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 88
Macleod, H. (1876) Principles of economical philosophy. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer
Mba, S.U. (2019) New financing for distressed businesses in the context of business restructuring law. Springer
Mccormack, G. (2009) Registration of company charges. Jordans Publishing Limited
Mccormack, G. (2003) The floating charge and the Law Commission consultation paper on registration of security interests. Insolvency Lawyer, Vol. 3
Mccormack, G. (2011) American private law writ large?: The UNCITRAL secured transactions guide. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60(3): 597-625
Mccormack, G. (1994) Priority of charges and registration. Journal of Business Law
Mccormack, G. (1995) Reservation of title. London: Sweet & Maxwell
Mccormack, G. (2002) The nature of security over receivables. Company Lawyer, Vol. 23
Milman, D. (2002) The administration order procedure. Company Law Newsletter, Vol. 17
Mulligan, M., Tribe, J. (2003) The remuneration of office holders in corporate insolvency: Liquidators, administrators and administrative receivers: Part 1. Insolvency Lawyer, Vol. 3
Munerry, J. (2020) The difference between secured and unsecured creditors. Begbies Traynor, https://www.begbies-traynorgroup.com/articles/director-advice/the-difference-between-secured-and-unsecured-creditors
Oditah, F. (2001) Fixed charges over book debts after Brumark. Insolvency Intelligence, Vol. 14
Oditah, F. (2004) Fixed charges and recycling of proceeds of receivables. Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 120
Olivares-Caminal, R. (2009) To rank pari passu or not to rank pari passu: That is the question in sovereign bonds after the latest episode of the Argentine saga. Law and Business Review of the Americas, Vol. 15, No. 4, 748
Payne, J. (2014) Debt restructuring in English law: Lessons from the US and the need for reform. University of Oxford Legal Research Paper Series
Payne, J. (2014) Schemes of arrangement: Theory, structure and operation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Pennington, R.R. (1960) The genesis of the floating charge. Modern Law Review, 23(6): 630-646
Pierre, B. (1997) Classification of property and conceptions of ownership in civil and common law. Revue générale de droit, 28(2): 235-274
Pilkington, C. (2013) Schemes of Arrangement in Corporate Restructuring. London: Sweet & Maxwell
Press Trust of India (2018) India has third highest number of family-owned businesses in the world. Business Standard, https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-has-third-highest-number-of-family-owned-businesses-in-the-world-118091400409_1.html, 14. 9. 2020
Sengupta, R., Sharma, A., Thomas, S. (2016) Evolution of the insolvency framework for non-financial firms in India. http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2016-018.pdf, 10. 9. 2020
Spanogle, J.A. (2010) Secured transactions law in Eastern Europe: The Polish experience as an example. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, Vol. 31
Sykes, E., Walker, S. (1993) The Law of Securities. Law Book Company
Tajti, T. (2013) Testing the equivalence of the new comprehensive Australian Personal Properties Securities Act, its segmented European equivalents and the Draft Common Frame of Reference. Bond Law Review, Vol. 24, Issue 1
Tajti, T. (2002) Comparative secured transactions law. Budapest: Akadèmiai Kiadó
The Insolvency Service (2016) Review of the corporate insolvency framework: A consultation on options for reform. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/525523/A_Review_of_the_Corporate_Insolvency_Framework.pdf
US Courts Chapter 11: Bankruptcy basics. https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-basics/chapter-11-bankruptcy-basics, 12.06.2020
Varottil, U. (2018) The scheme of arrangement as a debt restructuring tool in India: Problems and prospects. European Company and Financial Law Review, 15(3): 585-615
Verrill, L. (2004) The R3 Regulation survey. Recovery, Autumn issue
Vivek, K. (2020) A few hits & some misses, that's the IBC track record. Mint, https://www.livemint.com/news/india/a-few-hits-some-misses-that-s-the-ibc-track-record-11582474699506.html, 10.08
Warren, E., Westbrook, J.L. (2009) The success of Chapter 11: A challenge to the critics. Michigan Law Review, Vol. 107, Issue 4
Weir, T. (1996) Taking for granted: The ramifications of nemo dat. Current Legal Problems, 49(1): 325-345
Weston, K. (2013) Lifeblood, liquidity, and cash transfusions: Beyond metaphor in the cultural study of finance. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19(1): S24-S41
Wood, P. (2003) Passu clauses: What do they mean?. Butterworths Journal of International Banking & Financial Law, 18(10)
Worthington, S. (1996) Proprietary interests in commercial transactions. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Ziegel, J.S. (1994) The privately appointed receiver and the enforcement of security interests: Anomaly or superior solution?. u: Ziegel J.S. [ur.] Current developments in international and comparative corporate insolvency law, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Zwieten, K. (2015) Corporate rescue in India: The influence of the courts. Journal of Corporate Law Studies, Vol. 15, Issue 1
Zwieten, K. (2018) Director liability in insolvency and its vicinity. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2
 

O članku

jezik rada: engleski
vrsta rada: izvorni naučni članak
DOI: 10.5937/pravzap0-28377
primljen: 14.09.2020.
prihvaćen: 25.11.2020.
objavljen u SCIndeksu: 16.01.2021.
metod recenzije: dvostruko anoniman
Creative Commons License 4.0

Povezani članci

Nema povezanih članaka