Human dignity and new genetic technologies: Opportunities and challenges of legal protection

Milinković, Igor

doi:10.5937/zrpfni1880237M

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Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Nišu

2018, vol. 57, br. 80, str. 237-258

Ljudsko dostojanstvo i nove genetske tehnologije - izazovi i mogućnosti pravne zaštite

Milinković Igor

Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Pravni fakultet, Republika Srpska, BiH

e-adresa: igor.milinkovic@pf.unibl.org

Ključne reči: genetske tehnologije; dostojanstvo; pravni okvir; međunarodni dokumenti

Sažetak

Ubrzani napredak u oblasti genetskih istraživanja neprestano proizvodi nove etičke dileme. Primjena genetskih intervencija otvara mogućnosti ne samo za prevenciju i liječenje ozbiljnih oboljenja, već i za izbor i poboljšavanje čovjekovih karakteristika (ne samo karakteristika već rođenih osoba, već i nerođene djece i pripadnika budućih generacija, odnosno ljudske vrste u cjelini). Iako pojedini autori smatraju pravo bespomoćnim pred izazovima biotehnološke revolucije, neophodnost kreiranja odgovarajućeg pravnog okvira za primjenu genetskih intervencija na ljudskim bićima iz dana u dan sve je očitija. Stoga su sve naglašeniji napori, kako na međunarodnom nivou tako i u okviru nacionalnih zakonodavstava, da se definišu principi i pravila za upotrebu novih genetskih tehnologija. Nametanje pravnih ograničenja za primjenu genetskog inženjeringa nerijetko se opravdava vrijednošću ljudskog dostojanstva, pojmom čija sadržina podliježe različitim interpretacijama, zbog čega se on u oblasti bioetike ponekad proglašava beskorisnim. U prvom dijelu rada biće ukazano na osnovne etičke dileme koje okružuju primjenu novih genetskih tehnologija (naglasak će biti stavljen na ulogu koja ljudskom dostojanstvu pripada u pomenutim etičkim raspravama). Nakon toga, analizi će biti podvrgnute odredbe relevantnih međunarodnih dokumenata koje se odnose na primjenu genetskih tehnologija (posebna pažnja biće posvećena tzv. 'ograničavajućoj' dimenziji ljudskog dostojanstva, kao etičkoj osnovi na kojoj usvojeni principi počivaju). Predmet ispitivanja predstavljaće i pravni tretman novih genetskih tehnologija u okviru nacionalnih zakonodavstava. Naposljetku, analizi će biti podvrgnuta postojeća normativna rješenja u Bosni i Hercegovini (njenim entitetima: Republici Srpskoj i Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine).

Abstract

Accelerated advances in genetic research constantly generate new ethical dilemmas. Dworkin described the extent of ethical controversy arising from genetic technologies. Dworkin designates their application as 'a moral free fall' (Dworkin, 2002: 448), while Singer specifies the significance and possible consequences of 'the reproductive revolution', a significant segment of which is the use of genetic engineering, and compares them to 'the revolution in physics which produced an atomic bomb' (Singer, 1958: 588). The application of genetic interventions opens up opportunities not only for the prevention and treatment of serious illnesses but also for the selection and improvement of human characteristics, not only the characteristics of already born individuals but also the characteristics of unborn children and future generations, i.e. human species as a whole. Although some authors consider that law is insubstantial when confronted with the challenges of the biotechnological revolution, there is an increasing need to create an appropriate legal framework for the application of genetic interventions on human beings. Therefore, more and more efforts are made at the international and the national level to define the principles and rules governing the use of new genetic technologies. Imposing legal restrictions on the application of genetic engineering is often justified by the value of human dignity. As the content of this term is subject to different interpretations, in the field of bioethics it is declared to be 'useless' (Macklin, 2003: 1420). In the first part of the paper, the author draws attention to the basic ethical dilemmas underlying the application of new genetic technologies, with emphasis on the role of human dignity in these ethical debates. After that, the analysis focuses on the provisions of relevant international documents relating to the application of genetic technologies, with specific reference to the so- called 'limiting' dimension of human dignity, as the ethical basis underlying the adopted principles. The paper also examines the legal treatment of new genetic technologies within the national legislations of different countries. Finally, the author analyzes the existing normative solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. its entities: Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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O članku

jezik rada: srpski
vrsta rada: izvorni naučni članak
DOI: 10.5937/zrpfni1880237M
objavljen u SCIndeksu: 24.01.2019.
metod recenzije: dvostruko anoniman

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