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2023, vol. 57, br. 1, str. 71-97
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Pravci razvoja univerzalnog ljudskog prava na zdravu životnu sredinu
Directions of development of universal human right to a healthy environment
Projekat: Rad je nastao kao rezultat istraživanja u okviru projekta "Pravna tradicija i novi pravni izazovi", čiji je nosilac Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu
Sažetak
Proces pravnopolitičkog uobličavanja prava na zdravu životnu sredinu, započet donošenjem Stokholmske deklaracije 1972. godine, u osnovi je okončan tek pedeset godina kasnije, kada je Skupština Ujedinjenih nacija usvojila Rezoluciju kojom je proglasila pristup čistom, zdravom i održivom okruženju za univerzalno ljudsko pravo. Na početku tog dugog puta, nadležnosti za sprovođenje opredeljenja izraženih u Stokholmskoj deklaraciji, podeljene su između država članica, sa jedne strane i međunarodne zajednice sa druge. Dominantnu poziciju su dobili organi državne vlasti. Postignuta je saglasnost da njima mora biti poveren zadatak planiranja, upravljanja i kontrole ekoloških resursa, u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta životne sredine i da države imaju pravo da suvereno eksploatišu sopstvene resurse u skladu sa svojom politikom zaštite životne sredine. Sa druge strane, iskazano je uverenje da će međunarodna zajednica u Stokholmskoj deklaraciji naći izvor snage za kasniju konkretnu akciju. Od tada je na međunarodnom planu ostvaren vrlo skroman napredak. U zvaničnim sopštenjima UN je konstatovano da Rezolucija iz 2022. godine nije pravno obavezujuća za 193 države članice, ali da se njeni zagovornici nadaju da će podstaći zemlje da unesu pravo na zdravu životnu sredinu u nacionalne ustave i regionalne ugovore i ohrabriti ih da sprovode zakone koji se odnose na to pravo, te da će to pomoći ljudima da se izbore za svoje pravo na bezbednu klimu, svoje pravo da udišu čist vazduh i svoja prava na pristup čistoj i bezbednoj vodi, adekvatnoj hrani, zdravim ekosistemima i netoksičnom okruženju. U globalnom kontekstu, pravo na zdravu životnu sredinu je i dalje aspiraciono (neperfektno, nedovršeno), nešto za šta se tek treba izboriti na nacionalnom nivou. Ono će ostati takvo sve dok model potrošačkog društva ne bude zamenjen novim oblikom društvenog organizovanja, koji će se zasnivati na drugačijem sistemu vrednosti. Na takav zaključak upućuje i razumna, interesno dobro izbalansirana presuda koju je krajem 2022. doneo Sud pravde Evropske unije u slučaju JP v. Ministre de la Transition écologique (C-61/21). U njoj je konstatovano da se odredbe direktiva koje se odnose na kvalitet vazduha moraju tumačiti u tom smislu da nemaju za cilj da se pojedincima da pravo da od države članice traže naknadu za gubitak i štetu prouzrokovanu time što je država prekršila pravo EU, ali da to ne isključuje mogućnost da pojedinac zahteva obeštećenje od države na osnovu nacionalnog prava. Očigledno je da u vremenu koje je pred nama univerzalno (nadnacionalno) neće zaživeti u očekivanoj meri i da će sve više biti potiskivano partikularnim (nacionalnim). Tokom proteklih pola veka, oko 150 država širom sveta konstitucionalizovalo je pravo na zdravu životnu sredinu. Ono je time, na nacionalnom nivou, dobilo bitno drugačiju fizionomiju i efikasniju zaštitu ne samo pred sudovima opšte nadležnosti, već i pred ustavnim sudovima, u postupcima povodom ustavnih žalbi. Međutim, tu se javljaju novi problemi. Među njima je posebno značajna konkurencija (sukob) prava svojine i pojedinih sektorskih prava koje obuhvata (integriše) univerzalno ljudsko pravo na zdravu životnu sredinu, poput prava na vodu, koja je razmotrena u ovom radu. U uslovima u kojima nije moguće zadovoljiti interese svih, države će biti primorane da zbog socijalne stabilnost i očuvanja unutrašnjeg poretka, prednost daju sopstvenim građanima, a to znači i građanskim (privatnim) pravima, u odnosu na univerzalna ljudska prava. Proces konstitucionalizacije će biti usporen, a moguće je da će u nekim zemljama biti izvršena i svojevrsna dekonstitucionalizacija, izmenom ustava ili neformalno, kroz restriktivniju primenu univerzalnih ljudskih prava i restriktivnije odlučivanje povodom ustavnih žalbi. U završnom delu rada je konstatovano da se postepeno brišu granice između tradicionalnih subjekata i objekata prava i da životna sredina vremenom mora biti shvaćena kao zajednica svih živih bića, koja ima svojevrsni pravni subjektivitet i pravo da bude zdrava.
Abstract
The process of political shaping of the right to a healthy environment, started with the adoption of the Stockholm Declaration in 1972, basically ended only fifty years later, when the United Nations Assembly adopted the Resolution declaring access to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as a universal human right. At the beginning of the long journey, the responsibilities for implementing the decisions expressed in the Stockholm Declaration were divided between the member states, on the one hand, and the international community, on the other.The dominant position was given to state authorities. It was agreed that they must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing and controlling ecological resources, in order to improve the quality of the environment, and that states have the right to sovereignly exploit their own resources in accordance with their environmental protection policy. On the other hand, the belief was expressed that the international community will find a source of strength for later concrete action in the Stockholm Declaration. Since then, very modest progress has been made at international level. Official UN statements noted that the 2022 Resolution is not legally binding for 193 member states, but that its proponents hope it will encourage countries to enshrine the right to a healthy environment in national constitutions and regional treaties and encourage them to implement laws that relate to that right, and that it will help people fight for their right to a safe climate, their right to breathe clean air and their rights to access clean and safe water, adequate food, healthy ecosystems and a non-toxic environment. In the global context, the right to a healthy environment is still aspirational (imperfect, unfinished), something that still needs to be fought for at the national level. It will remain so until the consumer society model is replaced by a new form of social organization, which will be based on a different value system. Such a conclusion is also indicated by the reasonable, well-balanced judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union at the end of 2022, in the case of JP v. Ministre de la Transition écologique (C-61/21). It stated that the provisions of the directives related to air quality must be interpreted in the sense that they do not aim to give individuals the right to seek compensation from the member state for loss and damage caused by the state's violation of EU law, but that it does not excludes the possibility of an individual claiming compensation from the state on the basis of national law. During the past half century, about 150 countries around the world have constitutionalized the right to a healthy environment. It thus, at the national level, gained a significantly different physiognomy and more effective protection not only before the courts of general jurisdiction, but also before the constitutional courts, in proceedings regarding constitutional appeals. However, some new problems arise here. Among them, the competition (conflict) of property rights and certain sectoral rights included (integrated) within universal human right to a healthy environment, such as the right to water, which is discussed in this paper, is particularly significant. In conditions where it is not possible to satisfy the interests of everyone, states will be forced to prioritize their own citizens, and that means civil (private) rights, over universal human rights for the sake of social stability and the preservation of internal order. The process of constitutionalization will be slowed down, and it is possible that in some countries a kind of deconstitutionalization will be carried out, by amending the constitution or informally, through a more restrictive application of universal human rights and more restrictive decision-making regarding constitutional appeals. In the final part of the paper, it was stated that the boundaries between traditional subjects and objects of law are gradually being erased and that the environment must eventually be understood as a community of all living beings, which has a specific legal subjectivity and the right to be healthy.
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