Ljubav i zakon u Avgustinovoj etici
Love and the law in Augustin's ethics
Univerzitet u Beogradu, Pravni fakultet
Sažetak
Pojmom etičke volje - ljubavi kojom se voli ili mrzi čežnja za dobrom ili sklonost ka zlu, dve u čoveku sukobljene ljubavi, veliki učitelj hrišćanske etike uzdiže palog čoveka u dostojanstvu moralnog i slobodnog bića. Ljubav ljubavi je sposobnost moralnog vrednovanja i vrednosnog samoprosuđivanja. No, to je ujedno i moralno osećanje, jedinstven etički i emotivni stav. I najzad, to je moć samoprinude i moralnog samoodređenja. Kao uman izbor moralno rasuđivanje znači uviđanje univerzalnih i nepromenljivih odredbi večnog zakona, znači spoznaju dobra. Kao slobodan izbor, moralni sud znači svesno i voljno prihvatanje tih odredbi, znači ljubav prema dobru. Etička volja, koja je uslov moralnog samoodređenja, iziskuje da razborit i slobodan izbor postane utvrđen i postojan moralni i emotivni stav i, ujedno pretpostavlja vrlinu kao moralnu snagu te umne ljubavi. Konceptom ljubavi u Avgustinovoj etici objedinjuju se spoznaja dobra i ljubav prema dobru, i prevladava protivnost pojmova ljubav i zakon. Saglasnost zakona i ljubavi počiva na fundamentalnom pojmu reda. Red je valjan raspored različitih stvari, svake na pripadajuće joj mesto. Ispravan položaj u poretku prirode (locus naturalis) ono je mesto gde svaka priroda postiže sebi svojstvenu svrhu i ostvaruje punu meru, savršenost vlastitog bića. Prirodni zakon (lex naturalis), predstavljajući ujedno i imanentni primarni poriv i određenje svrhe čoveka, jeste utisnuti pojam (notio impressa) o temeljnoj normi prirodnog reda (lex aeterna), moć spoznaje sveobuhvatne i osmišljene uređenosti stvari. Moralno samoodređenje, opet, znači saobražavanje vlastite prirode tom univerzalnom redu, ostvarenje ispravnog reda unutar samog čoveka saobrazno pravednom redu prirode. I jer je pravednost ispravno priklanjanje ljubavi, a vrlina uređena ljubav, pravda i vrlina slivaju se u jedinstvenu definiciju - ordo amoris - red ljubavi.
Abstract
According to Augustin's ethical thought, there exists natural law (lex naturalis) which, in conformity with eternal law (lex aeterna) as the underlying basis of the natural order by divine disposition, establishes and determines a particular nature. That is a moral law inherent in the human nature, its innate motive, canon and standard. The notions of good and just are inscribed in human hearts and inspires them to long for good. These features, of eternal law, contained as lex rationis in the human mind, are seen as inner truth and can be grasped by any reasonable soul. However, as the value judgment is not only a reasonable, but also a free choice, since only free will can be the object of moral obligation, the moral sense of action is determined by ethical will, i.e. love. It is a love that makes one love or hate the longing for good or disposition for evil, the two opposing kinds of love in man. The love of love is a capability of moral valuation and value self-judgment. However, it is also a moral feeling, a unique ethical and emotional attitude. Finally, it is a power of self-constraint and moral self-determination. As a reasonable choice, moral judgment means the cognition of universal and invariable determinants of eternal law; it means the cognition of good. As a free choice, moral judgment means the acceptance of those determinants consciously and willingly; it means the love of good. Ethical will, as a condition for moral self-determination requires that a reasonable and free choice become an established and consistent moral and emotional position, and, at the same time, it implies virtue as a moral power of that reasonable love. Augustin's concept of the love of love in his ethical thought unifies the cognition of good and the love of good, while there prevails the opposition of the notions of love and law. The conformity of law and love is based on the fundamental notion of order. Order is a right arrangement of different things, each of them in its proper place. The proper position in a natural order (locus naturalis) is the place in which each nature fulfills its innate purpose and is realized to its full extent, to the perfection of its own self. Natural law representing both an inherent primary motive and a determinant of purpose is an impressed notion (notio impressa) of the fundamental model of natural order, the power of cognition of an overall and sensible disposition of things. Moral self-determination, on the other hand, means the conformity of one's own nature to the universal order, the realization of the proper order within man'sinner self, in accordance with the just natural order. Since justice is a proper inclination for love, and virtue a disposed love justice and love converge in a unique definition - ordo amoris - the order of love.
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