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2015, vol. 28, br. 3, str. 145-166
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Možemo li da učimo kroz neslaganje? - sociokulturno viđenje argumentativnih interakcija u pedagoškom okruženju u visokom obrazovanju
Can we learn through disagreements?: A sociocultural perspective on argumentative interactions in a pedagogical setting in higher education
University of Lausanne, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Geopolis - UniL Mouline, Switzerland
e-adresa: Nathalie.MullerMirza@unil.ch
Sažetak
Tokom istraživanja u obrazovanju jasno je uočeno da socijalna interakcija igra veoma bitnu ulogu prilikom učenja i razvoja. U ovom radu se bavimo skorašnjim napretkom sociokulturne perspektive u psihologiji koja je pokazala dijalošku dimenziju učenja i omogućila da se uzme u obzir socijalna interakcija kao matrica za razvoj, a ne psihološki proces koji je promenljiv i koji jedva ima 'uticaja' (Baucal, Arcidiacono & Buđevac, 2011; Grossen, 2009; Psaltis, Gillepsie, & Perret-Clermont, 2015). U obrazovnom kontekstu, argumentativna interakcija se uzima kao potencijalno sredstvo učenja. Mada u nekim slučajevima rezultati argumentativnih aktivnosti ne postižu ciljeve učenja koje očekuju nastavnici: učenici se konfrontiraju i pokušavaju da 'pobede' ili da se suoče sa teškoćama prilikom razvijanja kontraargumenta i sadržaja koji dopušta efektno epistemološko istraživanje teme u okviru diskusije. Jedna od glavnih poteškoća sagovornika je 'slaganje sa neslaganjem' i razvijanje teme sa relevantnim informacijama. Uzimajući u obzir sociokulturnu perspektivu u vezi sa argumentacijom, neki autori su bacili svetlo na kulturnu i komunikacionu dimenziju argumentacije, koja ne može da se svede na sistem formalnih procedura, već je smeštena u relaciono i institucionalno okruženje (Muller Mirza, Perret-Clermont, Tartas & Iannaccone, 2008). Argumentacija je uokvirena aktivnostima u koje su uključeni pojedinci i način na koji oni obezbeđuju sadržaj nekoj aktivnosti. Štaviše, iz perspektive konverzacije, sagovornici u argumentativnoj diskusiji se, izgleda, suočavaju sa duplim teškoćama koje Traverso (Traverso, 2001) naziva 'kontradiktornim pritiskom': 'pritiskom odnosa', argumentacija, uopšte u razgovoru, vodi do slaganja i izbegavanja neslaganja i 'pritiska sadržaja', to jest ostaje konzistentna, i razvija se tema u toku diskusije. U ovom radu predstavljamo i diskutujemo o pedagoškom projektu koji je imao za cilj da navodi učesnike da 'se slažu ili ne slažu' i da istraže kompleksna pitanja na epistemološki način, tokom kursa psihologije na fakultetu. Ovo pitanje je uzeto iz debate iz socijalne psihologije i odnosi se na iskustvo Džejn Eliot u vezi sa diskriminacijom (ovo iskustvo, koje je omogućilo studentima da iskuse diskriminaciju, kritikovano je iz etičkih razloga). Cilj pedagoškog projekta bio je razvijanje znanja i svesti o diskriminaciji i njenom psihosocijalnom procesu uz pomoć sredstva 'igra po ulogama', u kojoj su studenti igrali uloge psihologa, koji su zamoljeni da pomažu socijalnim radnicima suočenim sa rasnim nasiljem među studentima. U prvom delu rada bavimo se studijama socijalne interakcije koja prihvata sociokulturnu i dijalošku perspektivu koja tvrdi da socijalne interakcije ne mogu da se vide kao jednostavne varijable koje 'imaju uticaja' na proces učenja. U drugom delu razvijamo ideju da je argumentacija kulturna aktivnost sa kognitivnim i relacionim, afektivnim i komunikativnim osobenostima. U trećem delu predstavljamo teorijske okvire pedagoškog projekta koji je implementiran u univerzitetski kurs socijalne psihologije. Posle prezentacije metodoloških sredstava koja smo koristili za analizu naših podataka, sačinjenu od jedanaest sesija u kojima je učestvovalo trideset pet studenata, raspoređenih u grupepo troje ili četvoro, diskutovali smo o rezultatima analize argumentovane diskusije koju su razvili studenti. Da li se oni slažu ili ne slažu? Kako podnose neslaganje? Da li ih neslaganje vodi u epistemološko istraživanje? Analiza se usredsređuje pre svega na strukturu sesija, a onda na argumentovane poteze, metodološkim sredstvom, kao što je ono koje su razvili Nil Merser i kolege (istraživački razgovor) i Selma Leitao (Selma Leitao 2000). Rezultati pokazuju da studenti kokonstruišu socijalni okvir u kojem neslaganje može da se izrazi i 'duboko' istraživanje teme može da se razvije. Ovaj nalaz se analizira ispitivanjem uloge opšteg značaja kao što je okruženje u akademskom kontekstu. Ispitujući specifičan dizajn i objašnjavajući teorijsko poreklo, nadamo se da ćemo doprineti odrazu i kompleksnosti procesa interakcije i konstrukciji uslova njene dinamike. Važnost razvoja argumentovanih veština od strane studenata, koje se odnose na određeno profesionalno polje, takođe se naglašava.
Abstract
It has been well established by educational research that social interactions play a role in learning and development. In this paper, we draw on recent advances in a sociocultural perspective in psychology that have showed the dialogical dimension of learning, and allowed to consider social interactions as a matrix for its development rather than a variable merely 'influencing' psychological processes. In educational contexts, argumentative interaction is often considered as a potential means to learn. However, in some cases, the results of argumentative activities do not reach the learning gains expected by the teachers: the students engage in an irenic confrontation trying 'to win', or face difficulties in elaborating counter- arguments and contents which allow an effective epistemic exploration of the topic under discussion. One of the main difficulties for the interlocutors seems 'to agree to disagree' and to develop the topic with relevant information. This paper, drawing on a sociocultural perspective on argumentation, has two main objectives: the first is to explain the theoretical outlines of a pedagogical design implemented in a university course in social psychology. This design was conceived in order to lead the students intending to explore a complex question to enter into an epistemic discussion. The second aim is to present and discuss the results of the analysis of the argumentative discussions developed by the students. Did they agree to disagree? How did they manage disagreements? Did their disagreements lead them to an epistemic exploration? The data are made up of 11 chat sessions in which 35 students participated in small groups of 3 or 4. The analysis focuses firstly on the structure of the sessions and secondly on the argumentative moves. The results show that the students co-construct a social frame in which the disagreements can be expressed and the 'deep' exploration of the topic can be developed in a cooperative framework. This finding is discussed by examining the role of the general meaning of such a setting in an academic context.
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