2012, vol. 38, br. 3, str. 267-276
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Ukupan i raspoloživ prinos biljnih ostataka pšenice, sezona 2012.
Total and available yield of wheat harvest residues, season 2012
Projekat: Razvoj i unapređenje tehnologija za energetski efikasno korišćenje više formi poljoprivredne i šumske biomase na ekološki prihvatljiv način, uz mogućnost kogeneracije (MPNTR - 42011)
Sažetak
U sezoni 2011. godine sprovedeno je istraživanje koje je imalo za cilj da utvrdi količinu slame pšenice, koja može da se ubere i nadzemnih žetvenih ostataka, koji ostaju na polju. Istraživanja su ponovljena 2012. godine, u uslovima izuzetne suše. Eksperiment je sproveden na uzorcima sedam sorti pšenice uzorkovanih na dve lokacije. Određene su vrednosti mase frakcija nadzemnog dela biljke: zrna, stabljike, lišća i pleve, a stabljika je izdeljena na pet segmenata kako bi se odredio njihov zbirni maseni udeo. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata sprovedena je dalja analiza, koja je za cilj imala da se utvrde realne količine slame i žetvenih ostataka na polju, a zatim da se rezultati uporede sa rezultatima dobijenim tokom prethodne godine. Razmatrano je da li ubiranje slame značajnije utiče na eolsku eroziju. Vrednost prosečnog žetvenog indeksa za sve sorte iznosila je 0,49. Na osnovu zbirnog masenog udela stabljika po visini određene su količine ubrane slame i žetvenih ostataka na polju, za visinu reza kosionog aparata 15 cm, koje iznose 2,04 Mg ha-1 i 3,15 Mg ha-1, a njihovi udeli u masi nadzemnih žetvenih ostataka iznose 39,3 i 60,7%, respektivno. Usled sušnih agroklimatskih uslova, vrednosti odstupaju od vrednosti dobijenih prethodne godine, ali se može reći da se pri visini reza 15 cm ubiranjem slame odnosi između 39 i 50% mase ukupnih nadzemnih žetvenih ostataka ili približno između 40 i 55% u odnosu na masu zrna, zavisno od agroklimatskih uslova. Preostali žetveni ostatci na polju omogućavaju adekvatnu zaštitu od eolske erozije. Dobijeni rezultati treba da omoguće potencijalnim korisnicima slame da planiraju količine kao i da budu podloga za ostvarenje održivog upravljanja žetvenim ostatcima u cilju očuvanja plodnosti zemljišta. Bilo bi poželjno da se istraživanje nastavi i narednih godina, u drugačijim agroklimatskim uslovima.
Abstract
During 2011, the study which aimed to determine the amount of wheat straw that can be harvested and aboveground harvest residues that remain in the field was conducted. Study has been repeated during 2012, in extreme drought conditions. The experiment was conducted with seven varieties of wheat, sampled at two different locations. Masses of the following fractions of aboveground wheat plant: grain, stalks, leaves and chaff, were determined, while the stalks were cut into five segments in order to generate cumulative mass of stalks. Based on these results, further analysis was conducted which aimed to determine the actual amount of straw and residues remaining on field, and then the results were compared with those obtained during the previous year. It was examined whether the harvesting of straw have significant effect to wind erosion. Value of average harvest index for all varieties was 0.49. Based on the cumulative mass of stalks, amounts of straw and residues remaining on field for cutting height of 15 cm were 2.04 Mg ha-1 and 3.15 Mg ha-1, and percentages in total aboveground residual mass were 39.3 and 60.7% respectively. As a result of adverse agro-climatic conditions, the values deviate from the values obtained during previous year, but it can be said that with cutting height of 15 cm, straw harvest removes between 40 and 50% of aboveground residual mass or between approximately 40 and 55% compared to mass of grain, depending from agro-climatic conditions. It was found that the collection of straw does not significantly affect the wind erosion. Obtained results can be used by potential users for straw amount planning and for the sustainable management of harvest residues in order to maintain soil fertility. It would be desirable to continue with the research in the coming years, during different agro-climatic conditions.
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