|
Rezultati istraživanja ponašanja korisnika sredstava za zaštitu bilja u Republici Srbiji
Survey on behavior of plant protection products users in the Republic of Serbia
aNaučni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, Srbija
bMinistarstvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, Beograd
cFondacija Ana i Vlade Divac, Beograd
Keywords: survey; plant protection products (PPS); perception; behavior of use of PPPs
Sažetak
Istraživanje je podstaknuto pretpostavkom da korisnici sredstava za zaštitu bilja (SZB) u Srbiji nisu dovoljno upoznati sa propisima i obučeni za efikasnu i bezbednu primenu SZB. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se dobiju odgovori na odabrana pitanja na osnovu kojih bi se mogli proceniti obučenost i ponašanje korisnika, odnosno da li je primena SZB u skladu sa propisima kod korisnika koji se snabdevaju SZB u poljoprivrednim apotekama. Zahvaljujući inicijativi i podršci Fondacije Ana i Vlade Divac, na teritoriji Republike Srbije organizovano je anketiranje korisnika SZB o poznavanju propisa i ponašanju u vezi sa upotrebom SZB. Anketiranju je prethodila obuka anketara, a upitnik je dizajniran da ispita stavove ispitanika o ponašanju pri odabiru, primeni, skladištenju, upotrebi lične zaštitne opreme, poznavanju propisa u ovoj oblasti, upravljanju ambalažnim otpadom i drugim odabranim važnim aspektima u vezi sa korišćenjem SZB. Anketari su sproveli istraživanje od 7-17. maja 2021. godine, tokom kojeg je metodom slučajnog i reprezentativnog uzorka intervjuisano 1030 poljoprivrednika, u 116 opština i 227 poljoprivrednih apoteka. Odgovori na pitanja iz upitnika grupisani su u logične celine, analizirani i prikazani za teritoriju Republike Srbije, urađena je segmentacija rezultata ukupnog uzorka po regionima, polu, godinama starosti i nivou obrazovanja. Istraživanjem su najviše obuhvaćena gazdinstva kod kojih je veličina obradive površine do 10 ha (71,8% za celu Srbiju), a najzastupljeniji su bili ispitanici stariji od 50 godina (58,7%), sa srednjom stručnom spremom (74,7%). Poljoprivredne apoteke su glavni snabdevač SZB (96,2%), a većina ispitanika odlučuje u odabiru SZB (83,8%). Pre kupovine 91,5% ispitanika se konsultuje sa stručnim licima, a najkorisnije savete za odabir SZB dobijaju od apotekara (67,4%), savetodavaca (18,9%), predstavnika proizvođača SZB (7,5%), a najmanje preko interneta, TV emisija i štampe (2,3%). Većina ispitanika primenjuje SZB prema uputstvu (85,7%), a evidenciju o vrstama i količinama SZB koje skladišti i upotrebljava vodi 75,7% ispitanika. Veliki procenat korisnika SZB ne koristi ličnu zaštitnu opremu (4,6%), dok kompletnu ličnu zaštitnu opremu koristi samo 21,3% ispitanika. Oko 6% ispitanika je kupovalo ilegalna SZB, a glavni razlozi su bili veće poverenje (56,6%), povoljnija cena (25,3%) i preporuka (13,1%). Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, samo 15,6% skladišti SZB u posebnoj prostoriji za ovu namenu, čak 24,2% ispitanika ne ispira ambalažu SZB. Zabrinjavajuće je ponašanje u vezi sa upravljanjem ambalažnim otpadom SZB, pri čemu 50% ispitanika ambalažu odlaže u komunalni otpad, 37,4% je uništava spaljivanjem, 3,3% je odlaže na polju, a samo 9,3% odlaže na posebno mesto do preuzimanja od firme za prikupljanje ambalaže. Prskalicu ili orošivač poseduje 95,7% ispitanika, pri čemu njihovu kalibraciju pre primene SZB obavlja 38%. Neki članovi Zakona o sredstvima za zaštitu bilja ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 41/09 i 17/19) su na snazi od 1. januara 2022. godine. Od posebnog značaja su odredbe koje se odnose na kontrolu ispravnosti uređaja za primenu SZB, a čak 82% ispitanika nije upoznato sa ovim. Samo 27,4% ispitanika poznaje Zakon o sredstvima za zaštitu bilja. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, 57% je mišljenja da im obuka o SZB nije potrebna, 22,2% da je potrebna, 14,5% da im je potrebna, ali ne mogu za to odvojiti vreme ili ne znaju kome da se obrate (6,2%). Većina ispitanika (40,6%) smatra da bi savetodavci PSSS trebalo da budu edukatori korisnika SZB, zatim predstavnici proizvođača SZB (23,2%), apotekari (22,3%), prosvetni i naučni radnici (11,4%). Obuka korisnika SZB je od velike važnosti i u skladu sa Zakonom o sredstvima za zaštitu bilja biće obavezna od 1. januara 2022. godine, pri čemu je o ovom upoznat Mali procenat ispitanika (11,6%). Svega 37,7% ispitanika ovog istraživanja podržava da u Srbiji važe isti propisi o sredstvima za zaštitu bilja kao što su u EU 30,3% je protiv, a 32% ne zna koji su to propisi. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da korisnici SZB u Srbiji (1) nisu dovoljno upoznati sa propisima i obučeni za efikasnu i bezbednu primenu SZB, (2) da se SZB u velikoj meri ne primenjuju u skladu sa propisima, (3) da je visok rizik po zdravlje ljudi i životnu sredinu, (4) da je potrebno uvođenje sistema permanentnih obuka, periodične provere znanja i sertifikacije korisnika SZB, (5) da je potrebno uvođenje sistema kontrole ispravnosti uređaja za primenu SZB i (6) da je za primenu obavezno poznavanje i poštovanje zakonske regulative i vođenje evidencije o primeni SZB.
Abstract
The research was prompted by the assumption that users of plant protection products (PPPs) in Serbia are not sufficiently familiar with the regulations and trained for efficient and safe application of PPPs. The aim of the research was to obtain answers to selected questions on the basis of which the training and behavior of users could be assessed, ie whether the application of PPPs is in accordance with the regulations for users supplied with PPPs in smaller stores. Thanks to the initiative and support of the Ana and Vlade Divac Foundation, a survey of PPP users on knowledge of regulations and behavior related to the use of PPP was organized on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The survey was preceded by training of interviewers, and the questionnaire was designed to examine the attitudes of respondents on behavior in the selection, application, storage, use of personal protective equipment, knowledge of regulations in this area, packaging waste management and other selected important aspects related to PPPs use. Interviewers conducted the survey from 7-17. May 2021, during which 1030 farmers were interviewed in a random and representative sample, in 116 municipalities and 227 agricultural pharmacies. The answers to the questions from the questionnaire were grouped into logical units, analyzed and presented for the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the segmentation of the results of the total sample by regions, gender, age and level of education was done. The survey mostly covered farms with an arable land size of up to 10 ha (71.8% for the whole of Serbia), and the most represented were respondents older than 50 years (58.7%), with completed high school (74.7%). Small shops of agricultural inputs are the main supplier of PPPs (96.2%), and the majority of respondents make the decision in choosing PPPs (83.8%). Before buying PPP, 91.5% of respondents consult with experts, and the most useful advice for choosing PPP is received from sellers at the point of sale (67.4%), advisors from advisory services (18.9%), representatives of PPP manufacturers (7.5%) and at least via the internet, TV and press (2.3%). The majority of respondents apply PPPs according to the label (85.7%), and records on the types and quantities of PPPs stored and used are kept by 75.7% of respondents. A large percentage of PPP users do not use any personal protective equipment (4.6%), while only 21.3% of respondents use complete personal protective equipment. About 6% of respondents bought illegal PPPs, and the main reasons were higher trust (56.6%), better price (25.3%) and recommendations (13.1%). Of the total number of respondents, only 15.6% store PPPs in a special room for this purpose, as many as 24.2% of respondents do not use the rinsing of PPPs containers. The behavior related to the management of packaging waste from PPPs is worrying, with 50% of respondents disposing of packaging in municipal waste, 37.4% destroying it by burning, 3.3% disposing of it in the field, and only 9.3% keeping it until collection from packaging collection companies. Of the total sample, the sprayer is owned by 95.7% of respondents, with their calibration before the application of PPPs performed by 38%. Some articles of the Law on Plant Protection Products ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 41/09 and 17/19) enter into force on January 1, 2022. Of special importance are the provisions related to the inspection of equipment for the application of PPPs, and as many as 82% of respondents are not familiar with this. Only 27.4% of respondents know the Law on Plant Protection Products. Of the total number of respondents, 57% are of the opinion that they do not need training about PPPs, 22.2% that they need it, 14.5% that they need it, but they cannot take the time to do so or do not know who to contact (6.2 %). The majority of respondents (40.6%) believe that advisors from extension services should be educators of PPPs users, then representatives of PPPs producers (23.2%), distributors (22.3%), professors and scientists (11.4%). Training of PPPs users is of great importance and in accordance with the Law on PPPs will be mandatory from January 1, 2022, with a small percentage of respondents (11.6%) aware of this. Only 37.7% of respondents in this survey support that the same regulations on plant protection products apply in Serbia as in the EU, 30.3% are against, and 32% do not know which regulations they are. The obtained results show that PPPs users in Serbia are not sufficiently familiar with the regulations and trained for efficient and safe application of PPPs, that PPPs are largely not applied in accordance with regulations and that there is a high risk to human health and the environment. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce a system of permanent training, periodic testing of knowledge and certification of PPPs users, then a system to control the correctness of equipment for the application of PPPs and mandatory knowledge and compliance with legislation and keeping records on the application of PPPs.
|