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2021, vol. 12, br. 3, str. 309-329
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Diskurs savremenog terorizma
Discourse on modern terrorism
Sažetak
U ovom radu autor razmatra karakteristike diskursa o savremenom terorizmu. Kada je u pitanju terorizam, ljudi o njemu saznaju uglavnom preko medija. Imajući to u vidu, čini se važnim analizirati dominantni diskurs o terorizmu koji oblikuje percepciju javnosti o savremenom terorizmu na globalnom nivou. Uticaj specifične slike terorizma nije ograničen samo na građane koji žive u zemljama koje su suočene sa terorističkom pretnjom ili konkretnim napadom. Demistifikacija diskursa o savremenom terorizmu tj. proces utvrđivanja karakteristika dominantnog diskursa počinje analizom fenomenološke dimenzije savremenog terorizma, u smislu definisanja i njegovog označavanja. Poređenje starijeg, tradicionalnog pristupa u razumevanju terorizma i savremenog, otkriva neke konceptualne razlike koje bi mogle imati ozbiljne posledice u oblasti percepcije i borbe protiv terorizma. Novi pristup dobija na zamahu sa događajima od 11. septembra i formira se nakon sličnih događaja na evropskom kontinentu. U srži razumevanja savremenog terorizma je diskurs o islamskom terorizmu zasnovanom na religiji. Mnogi drugi poznati oblici terorizma su nekako postali nepotrebni, van fokusa, uprkos njihovom prisustvu širom sveta, u oblastima koje nisu deo brige zapadnog društva. S druge strane, terorizam koji privlači pažnju zapadne javnosti prenaglašen je načinom medijskog izveštavanja čiji je cilj da izazove paničnu reakciju. Specifičan diskurs o savremenom terorizmu utiče na to kako ga shvata šira javnost, a posebno na stvaranje stereotipa o modernom (savremenom) teroristi i širenje straha od terorizma. Formiranje i održavanje stereotipa o savremenom terorizmu, koji naglašava ulogu islama i pripadnika islamske zajednice u planiranju i sprovođenju terorističkih akcija, stvara sve veći jaz među ljudima, posebno u zemljama pogođenim terorističkim napadima. Uticaj stereotipa je vidljiv u svakodnevnom životu, u različitim situacijama, a utiče i na ljude koji su rođeni i/ili odrasli na teritoriji zemalja pogođenih terorističkim napadom i koji su pripadnici zajednica koje su označene kao sumnjive u kontekstu terorizma. Takve osobe su a priori sumnjive, čak i bez ikakvih dokaza, direktnih ili indirektnih, o svom učešću u terorističkim aktivnostima. Posle 11. septembra i nekoliko terorističkih napada u Evropi, strah od terorizma je na visokom nivou u pomenutim delovima sveta, tj. ljudi koji žive u tim oblastima ili po njima putuju su pod uticajem medijskih slika terorizma. Diskurs o savremenom terorizmu takođe podrazumeva odgovarajuću percepciju rizika od terorizma. Izveštavanje medija utiče na percepciju visokog rizika pojedinih zemalja ili područja u kontekstu terorizma. Iako donošenje zaključaka o riziku od terorizma zavisi od analize koja se mora sprovesti posebno u svakoj zemlji ili regionu, i ovaj segment je pogođen procesom globalizacije, pa javnost širom sveta rizik od terorizma doživljava kao realan i konstantan. Slična situacija je i u Srbiji i u tom smislu rezultati ograničenih istraživanja o percepciji terorizma među studentskom populacijom u Srbiji, prikazani u radu, u izvesnoj meri pokazuju postojanje ovakvog globalnog uticaja.
Abstract
In this paper author discusses the characteristics of discourse on modern terrorism. When it comes to the terrorism ordinary people gain knowledge mostly through media. The influence of specific image of terrorism is not limited to citizens who live in countries which faced with a terrorist threat or concrete attack but goes further to the different part of the world, some of them very far from the possibility of terrorist attack. Demystification of discourse on modern terrorism begins with analysis of the phenomenological dimension of modern terrorism, in terms of being defined and assigned. We can talk about two different approaches: older and newer, in understanding the terrorism. The new approach gains momentum with the events of 11 September and took shape after similar events on European continent. At the core of understanding of modern terrorism is the discourse on religious-based Islamic terrorism. Specific discourse on modern terrorism affects how it is understood by the general public, and it influences, in particular, the creation of stereotypes about a modern terrorists and the spread of fear of terrorism. The formation and maintenance of stereotypes about modern terrorism, which emphasizes the role of Islam and members of the Islamic community in planning and carrying out terrorist actions, creates a growing gap among people, especially in countries affected by terrorist attacks. The discourse on modern terrorism also implies an appropriate perception of the risk of terrorism all over the world. From that point of view risk of terrorism is real and constant. Similar situation is in Serbia and in that sense the results of limited research about perception of terrorism in Serbia presented in work show to a certain extant the existence of such global influence.
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