2018, vol. 56, br. 7-9, str. 402-414
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Demografija i penzije
Demography and pensions
Ustavni sud Republike Srbije, Beograd
Sažetak
U ovom članku autor govori o Bizmarkovom modelu finansiranja penzija. U tom modelu, oni koji su trenutno zaposleni, finansiraju trenutne penzionere. To je sistem međugeneracijske solidarnosti. Postoji takođe i sistem koji je uveo britanski lord Beveridž 1942. To je sistem klasične osiguravajuće kompanije. Osoba koja uplaćuje doprinose u tom sistemu, štedi novac za svoju budućnost, za svoju buduću penziju. Bizmarkov model garantuje kontinuitet, ali postoji demografski problem. Bizmarkov sistem može biti efikasan ako 4 zaposlena finansiraju jednog penzionera. Dakle, ako se smanji broj mladih ljudi, a poveća broj starih ljudi, javljaju se problemi i sistem može doći u kolaps. Najveći problem Bizmarkovog sistema, kakav je i srpski sistem, jeste odnos između mlade i stare generacije. Danas u srpskom društvu postoji veliki problem jer ne postoji dovoljan broj mladih ljudi koji plaćaju doprinose za penzionere. Postoje tri mogućnosti koje bi mogle razrešiti generalan problem demografije i penzija. Jedna mogućnost je smanjenje penzija, a druga da se povećaju doprinosi za penzije. Treća mogućnost je uvođenje privatnih penzionih fondova. S druge strane, privatni fondovi po modelu lorda Beveridža, mogu se suočiti sa raznim tržišnim izazovima. Poseban problem u tom smislu je taj da u Srbiji malo ljudi zna kako funkcionišu ti privatni fondovi. Autor u ovom članku govori o svim tim društvenim, pravnim, ekonomskim i demografskim problemima.
Abstract
In this article the author talks about Bismarck model of financing pensions. In that model those who are currently employed pay contributions to finance current pensioners. That is a system of inter-generation solidarity. There is also a system that was introduced by British Lord Beveridge in 1942. That system is a classical insurance company. A person who pays contributions in that system, saves a money for his future, for his future pension. Bismarck model guarantees the continuity, but there are some problems with the demography. Bismarck's system can be efficient if 4 of employees finance one pensioner. So, if the number of young people goes down and the number of old people goes up, there could be some problems and the system could be collapsed. So, the most significant problem in the Bismarck's system, like the Serbian system is, is the relation between young and old generations. In Serbian society nowadays there is a big problem because there are not sufficient number of young people who pay contributions for pensioners. There are three possibilities that could resolve that general problem of demography and pensions. One possibility is to reduce pensions and the second is to raise contributions for pensions. The third solution is to introduce private funds for pension's. On the other side, Beveridge private funds could face with market challenges. The special problem in that sense is that in Serbia people do not know very much how those funds are functioning. The author of this article speaks about all of those social, legal, economic and demographic problems in this text.
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