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2022, vol. 47, br. 1, str. 56-78
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Integrisana Mašina za polaganje plastičnog malča - održiva tehnologija za održivu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju
Integrated plastic mulch laying machine: A viable technology for sustainable agricultural production
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Division of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Srinagar, India
e-adresa: jagvirdixit@gmail.com
Ključne reči: Mašina za polaganje malča; zahtev za vuču; učinak; oštećenje malča; širina osnove trake; razmak rupa; nepokriveni malč
Keywords: Mulch laying machine; draft requirement; field efficiency; mulch damage; bed width; hole spacing; uncovered mulch
Sažetak
Razvijena konstrukcija vučene traktorske mašine za polaganje malča kako bi se integrisale operacije i popravili nedostatci u pogledu rada povezanim sa konvencionalnim operacijama polaganja malča. Prototip mašine integriše operacije u jednom prolazu: formiranje posteljice, polaganje trake za navodnjavanje, prostiranje malča, pokrivanje malča i bušenje odgovarajućih rupaotvora za rasad na pokrivaču i malču. Razvijeni prototip nošene mašine testiran je sa tri različite brzine napred (3,0; 5,0; 7,0 kmh-1 ), dva nivoa širine posteljice (76,2 i 91,4 cm) i dva nivoa razmaka rupa za rasad (15,2 i 20,3 cm). Rezultati predviđenog eksperimenta i ispitivanja za ovu mašinu pokazuju da se sila vuče menja sa povećanjem brzine traktora napred (3,0 do 7,0 kmh-1 ), promenom širine osnove ležišta (76,2 do 91,4 cm) i promenom razmaka rupa za rasad (15,2 do 20,3 cm). Učinak mašine (agregata) povećava sa povećanjem brzine i to napred, širine osnove i razmaka rupa za rasad. Iako se pri maloj brzini (3,0 kmh-1 ), stvarni učinak i efikasnost u polju smanjuju za približno 57% odnosno 5,0%, dok se sila vuče povećava za približno 36%, sa povećanjem brzine do 7,0 kmh-1 . Međutim, pri maloj brzini od 3,0 kmh-1 , oštećenje pokrivača-malča je smanjeno za 65 %, nepokrivenost malča smanjena za 64% i nedostatak rupa za rasad iznosi do 7%. Standardna vrednost za silu vuče zahteva 63,27 kp, efektivni učinak na polju je 0,40 hah-1 i ukupni učinak je 72,7%. Nepokriveni malč 3,1 %, oštećenja malča 3,4 % i nedostajući broj rupa za rasad je 6,25% . Potreba za radnim satima i troškovi rada malčiranja sa ovom novom mašinom smanjeni su približno 97% i 75% u poređenju sa konvencionalnom metodom polaganja malča. U ovoj studiji preporučuje se korišćenje nove integrisane mašine za formiranje uzdignute gredice (bankovi), polaganje plastičnih cevi za navodnjavanje i izradu rupa za rasad brzinom od 3 kmh-1 da bi se postigla bolja efikasnost.
Abstract
A tractor drawn mulch laying machine was developed in order to integrate the operations and fix the anomalies in terms of labour associated with conventional mulch laying operations. The prototype integrates the operations of bed making, drip line laying, mulch laying, mulch covering and punching hole on mulch in one pass. The developed prototype was evaluated at three-levels of forward speed (3.0, 5.0, 7.0 kmh-1 ), two-levels of bed width (76.2, 91.4 cm) and two-levels of dibbling hole spacing (15.2, 20.3 cm). The results of evaluation experiment for the developed machine showed that the draft requirement decreased with the increase in forward speed (3.0 to 7.0 kmh-1 ), bed width (76.2 to 91.4 cm) and dibbling hole spacing (15.2 to 20.3 cm). Field efficiency increased with increase in forward speed, bed width and spacing of dibbling holes. Although at low speed (3.0 kmh-1 ), the actual field capacity and field efficiency decreased about 57% and 5.0%, respectively while draft increased about 36 %, compared to the speed of 7.0 kmh-1 . However, at a speed of 3.0 kmh-1 , the mulch damage, un-covered mulch percentage and missing of dibbling hole decreased about 65%, 64% and 7.0 %, respectively. The standardized value of draft requirement, effective filed capacity and field efficiency were observed as 63.27 kp, 0.40 ha.h-1 and 72.7% while as percentage uncovered mulch, percentage mulch damage and percentage missing number of holes were as 3.1 %, 3.4%, 6.25%, respectively. The man-hour requirement and cost of mulching operation with developed machine reduced about 97 % and 75 % as compared to conventional method of mulch laying. Therefore, the study recommends using the developed machine to install a raised-bed, laying of plastic mulch and drip irrigation pipes on the bed and making dibbling hole for vegetable seedling transplanting at a speed of 3 kmh-1 achieved the better efficiency.
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