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2021, vol. 24, br. 83, str. 19-25
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Strukturirana edukacija obolelih od dijabetesa - pregled organizaciono-metodoloških strategija I faktora uspeha
Structured education of patient with diabetes: A review of organizational and methodological strategies and success factors
aVisoka škola strukovnih studija u Subotici, Departman za Biomedicinske nauke, Subotica bUniverzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet, Katedra za zdravstvenu negu, Srbija
e-adresa: pozarh@gmail.com
Sažetak
Neophodno je da svi oboleli od dijabetesa učestvuju u strukturiranoj edukaciji, kako bi stekli odgovarajuće znanje, veštine i sposobnosti za uspešnu samonegu, samokontrolu i modifikaciju zdravstvenog ponašanja, u cilju postizanja optimalne glikoregulacije. Ovo se posebno odnosi na obolele od tipa 2 dijabetesa koji čine oko 90% svih obolelih od dijabetesa, a koji je povezan sa neadekvatnim stilom života. Strukturirana edukacija mora da ispunjava organizaciono-metodološke preduslove i kriterijume Američkog dijabetološkog društva. Edukaciju je moguće realizovati putem individualnog, grupnog ili kombinovanog oblika rada, sa jasno definisanim ciljevima i ishodima. U javno-zdravstvenom pristupu ističe se rad u manjim grupama, zbog vremenske i finansijske efikasnosti, koji može dosegnuti do većeg broja učesnika. Pružalac edukacije može biti jedna osoba zdravstvene struke ili više njih, kao i ceo tim. Vremensko trajanje edukacije je važan faktor uspeha, svakim satom edukacije dolazi do redukcije nivoa HbA1c za 0,04%. Samim tim, edukacije sa trajanjem od preko 10 sati imaju najbolje rezultate kod najvećeg broja učesnika. Interaktivni rad, aktivno učešće obolelog u edukaciji, rešavanje problemske situacije i grupne diskusije, podržavaju efikasnost edukacije u metaboličkoj kontroli. Ipak, pored angažovanja zdravstvenih stručnjaka, za uspeh edukacije neophodno je angažovanje samih pacijenata u trajnoj promeni navika, a to zavisi od mnoštva faktora uključujući: stavove, zdravstvena i lična uverenja, nivo znanja o bolesti i zdravlju, veštine, životne prioritete, finansijska sredstva, podršku porodice, radnog mesta i društvene zajednice. Samim tim, neophodno je osnaživanje obolelih, motivacija da deluju, razvijaju i sprovode preporučeno ponašanje u svakodnevnom životu, a sve radi čuvanja dobrog zdravlja i sprečavanja dugoročnih komplikacija dijabetesa.
Abstract
All diabetic patients must take part in structured education to acquire the knowledge, skills and abilities needed for self-management, self-control, and change in health behaviors, to achieve ideal glucoregulation. This is of particular importance for patients with type 2 diabetes, which is associated with an inadequate lifestyle and accounts for up to 90% of all diabetes. Structured education must consider the organizational and methodological conditions and criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Education can be realized as an individual, group, or combined form of work, with clearly defined goals and outcomes. The public health approach is focused on working in small groups, due to cost-effectiveness and efficiency, which may reach more participants. The education provider may be one or more healthcare professionals, as a team. Duration of education is an important success factor, with each hour of education are resulting in a 0.04% reduction in HbA1c levels. Consequently, education of more than 10 hours has the best results in the greatest number of participants. Interactive work, active patient involvement in education, problem-solving, and group discussions promote effective education and metabolic control. However, in addition to hiring healthcare professionals, successful education requires patient participation in a constant change in life habits, and this depends on many factors: personal attitudes, health beliefs, awareness of illness and health, skills, life priorities, financial resources, family support, workplace and community. Therefore, there is a need to empower patients, motivate them to act, develop and implement the recommended behavior in daily life, for the maintenance of good health and the prevention of long-term complications of diabetes.
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