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2008, vol. 56, br. 2, str. 25-46
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Postoje li kolektivna prava? - II deo
Are there collective rights?: Part two
Univerzitet u Beogradu, Pravni fakultet, Srbija
Sažetak
U nastojanju da ponudi prolegomenu za jednu sveobuhvatnu pravnu teoriju kolektivnih prava, autor razmatra nekoliko najvažnijih problema. Prvi od njih se odnosi na kriterijume za definisanja kolektivnih prava. Autor zastupa tezu da ono što prevashodno određuje prirodu kolektivnog prava nije način vršenja prava, već pre karakter samog titulara, odnosno kolektiviteta, koji se razlikuje i od fizičkih i od pravnih lica. Zatim, autor upozorava da ne treba mešati kolektivitete sa užim klasama subjekata čiji je pravni status u pravnom poretku regulisan delimično opštim normama. Kada je reč o zastupanju kolektiviteta, autor smatra da rešenje treba tražiti u stvaranju posebnog predstavničkog tela kolektiviteta, aktom javnog prava, čiji bi personalni sastav birali sâmi njegovi članovi, kako bi interesi tog kolektiviteta na što autentičniji i reprezentativniji način bili predstavljeni. Najzad, autor dopušta mogućnost da se kolektivnim pravima ponekad ograničavaju i individualna prava pripadnika kolektiviteta. No, smatra, prvo, da u liberalno-demokratskom društvu moraju postojati određena osnovna indiviudalna prava koja su nenapadiva i, drugo, da je ograničavanje onih prava koja to nisu legitimno samo onda kada kolektivitet može da dokaže postojanje pretežnog interesa i da se postizanje tog interesa ne može postići nekim manje restriktivnim sredstvima.
Abstract
In an attempt to offer prolegomena for a comprehensive legal theory of collective rights, the author discusses several most important issues. First of them concerns the criteria for defining collective rights. The author advances the thesis that what primarily determines the nature of a collective right is not the way that right is exercised, but rather the character of the right-holder, i.e. collective, which is different both from natural and juristic persons. Furthermore, the author emphasizes that one should not confuse between collectives and narrow classes of subjects, whose legal status is determined by partly general legal norms. When it comes to the problem of representation, the author argues that a solution might be found in the creation, by an act of public law, of the special representative body of collective, which would be elected by members themselves, which, in turn, would lead to a more authentic representation of collective interests. Finally, the author allows the possibility that collective rights might sometimes override rights of the individual members of the collective, but he considers, first, that in a liberal-democratic society certain fundamental individual rights should never be infringed, and, second, that the restriction of other individual rights and liberties can be legitimate only if collective can prove it has a relevant compelling interest, and that the realization of this interest could not be achieved through less restrictive measures.
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