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2014, vol. 40, br. 1, str. 9-18
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Uticaj konvencionalne obrade i direktne setve na strukturu zemljišta
Influence of conventional tillage and direct sowing-no till on soil structure
Projekat: Stanje, tendencije i mogućnosti povećanja plodnosti poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Vojvodini (MPNTR - 31072)
br. 114-451-2668/2012
Sažetak
Održavanje dobre i stvaranje povoljne strukture zemljišta ima za cilj postizanje visokih i stabilnih prinosa gajenih biljaka. Nestabilna struktura smanjuje infiltraciju i brzinu vodopropustljivosti zemljišta, povećava evaporaciju, pogoršava aeraciju, omogućuje stvaranje pokorice i ukoliko postoje ostali uslovi intenzivira pojavu erozije. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se na osnovu strukturne analize zemljišta sagleda uticaj konvencionalne obrade i sistema direktne setve - bez obrade na zastupljenost i stabilnost strukturnih makroagregata različitih dimenzija kod černozema i uticaj sadržaja humusa na stabilnost makrostrukturnih agregata u sloju 0-30 cm. Utvrđena je veća količina makrostrukturnih agregata >5 mm u zemljištu, kod sistema direktne setve (bez obrade) u odnosu na konvencionalnu obradu. Koeficijent strukturnosti je povoljniji pri konvencionalnoj obradi (Ks= 5,68) u odnosu na sistem bez obrade (Ks= 3,16). Veća količina stabilnih agregata >2000 µm je utvrđena u zemljištu kod direktne setve, dok su kod konvencionalne obrade agregati manji od <2000 µm bili stabilniji. Vrednosti srednjeg masenog dijameta stabilnih agregata (MWD) su statistički značajno veće u sistemu direktne setve - bez obrade (MWD = 2417 µm) u odnosu na konvencionalnu obradu zemljišta (MWD = 1512 µm). U našim zemljišnim i klimatskim uslovima direktnu setvu treba kombinovati sa konvencionalnom obradom kako bi se obezbedila povoljna struktura zemljišta.
Abstract
Maintaining good and creating a favourable soil structure is a prerequisite for achieving high and stable yield of cultivated plants agricultural crops. Unfavourable structure reduces the infiltration rate and permeability of soil, increases evaporation, decreases aeration, enables crust formation and intensifies erosion processes. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of conventional tillage and direct sowing - no till on share and stability of macro aggregates in chernozem as well as impact of humus content on the stability of macro aggregates in a layer 0-30 cm. The higher amount of macro aggregates >5 mm in the soil was determined after direct sowing system - no till compared to conventional tillage. The structure coefficient was more favourable in the conventional tillage (Ks = 5.68) as compared to a no till system (Ks = 3.16). A larger amount of stable aggregates >2000 μm was found in direct sowing system, while in conventional tillage aggregates <2000 μm were more stable. The mean weight diameter of stable aggregates (MWD) were significantly higher in the direct sowing system - no till (MWD = 2417 µm) compared to conventional tillage (MWD = 1512 µm). In temperate climatic conditions direct sowing system should be combined with conventional tillage in order to ensure favourable soil structure.
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