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2012, vol. 38, br. 1, str. 39-48
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Ukupan i raspoloživ prinos žetvenih ostataka suncokreta
Total and available yield of sunflower harvest residues
Projekat: Razvoj i unapređenje tehnologija za energetski efikasno korišćenje više formi poljoprivredne i šumske biomase na ekološki prihvatljiv način, uz mogućnost kogeneracije (MPNTR - 42011)
Sažetak
Suncokret je značajna biljna vrsta u svetu i Srbiji. Broj istraživanja koja obrađuju mogućnost ubiranja žetvenih ostataka i njihovog korišćenja kao obnovljivog izvora energije je mali. U ovom radu su postavljeni zadaci da se istraži koliko je žetvenih ostataka suncokreta raspoloživo, a koja količina može da se ubere i kojim postupkom. Merenje prinosa i utvrđivanje relativnih prinosa pojedinih delova biljke u odnosu na zrno sprovedeno je 2011. za četiri hibrida i tri lokacije u Vojvodini. Prosečan žetveni indeks za sve hibride je 0,4, što je znatno više od većine podataka u literaturi. Konstatovano je da ne postoji praksi prilagođen način ubiranja žetvenih ostataka suncokreta. Osnovni problem je nerešeno povećanje gustine ubrane mase, što bi omogućilo ostvarenje transporta i skladištenja po prihvatljivoj ceni. Na osnovu prinosa glave suncokreta i gornjeg dela stabljike, dobijena je količina biomase koja može da se ubere pri odsecanju ispod nivoa glave. Prosečna količina je 1,9 Mg ha-1 suve mase, što predstavlja oko 32% ukupnih žetvenih ostataka. Preostala količina biomase dovoljna je za ostvarenje zaštite od eolske erozije, uz adekvatnu tehnologiju obrade zemljišta. Eksperimenti bi trebalo da se ponove i u narednim godinama, pri drugačijim vremenskim prilikama i za više hibrida. U budućnosti se očekuje razvoj odgovarajućih postupaka ubiranja žetvenih ostataka suncokreta.
Abstract
Sunflower is significant crop in the world and Serbia. The number of publications dealing with harvest of sunflower residues and their utilization as renewable energy source is minor. The objectives of the investigation were to determine harvest index of sunflower, possible harvest procedure and harvestable yield of residual biomass. Measurements of yield and relative yields of crop residue fractions' were performed in 2011 for four hybrids and three sites in Vojvodina. Average harvest index for all hybrids is 0.4, what is considerably higher than in majority of publications. It was concluded that there is no practically adequate procedure for the harvest of residues. The major problem is low density of this biomass, thus having negative impact on costs of transportation and storage possibilities. Based on yield of sunflower heads, and cut upper part of stalks, harvestable mass of residues was determined. Average value was 1.9 Mg ha-1 of dry matter, or about 32% of total residue mass. Remained amount is sufficient for the protection of wind erosion, if adequate soil tillage is performed. The experiments should be repeated in the next years, under different weather conditions and for more hybrids. In the future, development of procedures for sunflower residues harvest is expected.
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