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2018, vol. 52, iss. 3, pp. 1173-1194
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The evolution of the legal framework of consumer credits in the European Union
Razvoj pravne zaštite potrošača u ugovorima o kreditu u pravu Evropske unije
Abstract
The beginning of the evolution of the regulatory framework of consumer credits in the European Union is hallmarked by the adoption of Directive No. 87/102/EEC. Later, a wide range of directives were adopted gradually, regulating specific segments of retail banking, having relevance in terms of legal protection of consumers and of the need to facilitate cross-border banking transactions and credit activities, on the one hand, and relating to cross-border investments, on the other. Directive No. 87/102/EEC was repealed by Directive No 2008/48/EU on consumer credit contracts. It introduced major changes into the legal framework of consumers credits. The most notable novelties are the creditors' duty to indicate all interests and costs related to the credit by the mechanism of the annual percentage rate of charge and to provide clear and prominent precontractual information to the consumer by the means of ESIS. The beginning of the last phase in the evolution of the regulatory framework of consumer credits is marked by the adoption of Directive No 2014/17/ EU, known in professional circles as the Mortgage Credit Directive. Its adoption was considerably influenced by the experience of the recent global economic crisis and the crisis of residential mortgage credits as its consequence, and unfair practice of banks in applying variable interest rates. Hence, the creditors' precontractual duties are amplified, the rules on the APR and providing precontractual information to the consumer by the means of ESIS are devised based on the principle of maximal harmonization, rules on foreign currency loans and variable interest loans are introduced, etc. However, there are well-argued doubts expressed in the doctrine about the potential of the Directive to achieve its goals of creating a single European mortgage credit market and achieving uniform level of consumer protection in mortgage loans in the European Union. Namely, the provisions of the Directive, with the exception of the rules on APR and the pre-notification of consumers by the means of ESIS, are based on the principle of minimum harmonization. Therefore, it is to be expected that the transposition of the Directive in national legal systems will not be uniform, rendering the realization of a single legal regime of mortgage consumer credits in the European Union virtually impossible.
Sažetak
U radu je prikazan razvoj pravne regulative potrošačkog kredita u pravu Evropske unije. Taj put je započet 1987. godine usvajanjem Direktive br. 87/102/EEC o ugovorima o potrošačkim kreditima. Nakon nje je postepeno usvajan čitav niz direktiva kojima su uređeni pojedini segmenti tzv. 'retail' bankarstva, koji imaju značaj sa aspekta pravne zaštite potrošača ili potrebe nesmetanog odvijanja prekograničnih bankarskih transakcija i kredita, kao i prekograničnih investicija. Direktiva br. 87/102/EEC o ugovorima o potrošačkim kreditima je ukinuta istoimenom Direktivom br. 2008/48/EU. Ona je ostvarila značajne promene u pravnom okviru zaštite potrošača u vezi sa ugovorima o kreditu. Od novina uvedenih navedenom Direktivom svakako je najznačajnija obaveza iskazivanja svih troškova kredita preko efektivne kamatne stope i pružanja potpunih i jasnih informacija potrošaču pomoću jedinstvenog ESIS obrasca. Početak poslednje etape u razvoju regulative potrošačkog kredita u pravu Evropske unije obeležava usvajanje Direktive br. 2014/17/EU o ugovorima o potrošačkim kreditima koji se odnose na stambene nekretnine, koja je u stručnoj javnosti poznata samo kao Direktiva o hipotekarnim kreditima. Njeno usvajanje je bilo motivisano iskustvima svetske ekonomske krize, i njome prouzrokovane krize hipotekarnih kredita, kao i uočene nepoštene prakse banaka u vezi sa izmenama varijabilne kamatne stope, koje su znatno snažnije došle do izražaja u potrošačkim hipotekarnim kreditima, pre svega zbog većih iznosa kredita, dugih rokova otplate kredita i mogućih negativnih socijalnih implikacija. Stoga su Direktivom o hipotekarnim kreditima u odnosu na Direktivu br. 2008/48/EU pooštrene predugovorne obaveze obaveštavanja potrošača od strane kreditora, efektivna kamatna stopa i obaveštavanje putem ESIS obrasca uređeni su u skladu sa načelom maksimalne harmonizacije, izričito su uređena pitanja indeksiranja kredita u stranoj valuti i primene varijabilne kamatne stope i sl. U doktrini se međutim sa razlogom izražava sumnja u potencijale Direktive da ostvari zacrtane ciljeve stvaranja pravog jedinstvenog evropskog tržišta hipotekarnih kredita, s jedne, i ujednačenja stepena pravne zaštite potrošača u hipotekarnim kreditima u Evropskoj uniji, s druge strane. Odredbe Direktive su naime, osim pravila o efektivnoj kamatnoj stopi i predugovornom obaveštavanju potrošača putem ESIS obrasca, zasnovane na minimalnoj harmonizaciji. Stoga je za očekivati da će države članice pri transponovanju Direktive postupiti nejednako i time onemogućiti ostvarivanje jedinstvenog režima hipotekarnih potrošačkih kredita u Evropskoj uniji.
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