2012, vol. 64, br. 4, str. 43-56
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Projektni menadžment i modelovanje vojnih operacija
Project management and military operations modeling
Univerzitet odbrane, Vojna akademija, Beograd, Srbija
Sažetak
Uvažavajući naučne kriterijume definisanja, operatika bi se mogla odrediti kao jedna od nauka odbrane koja se bavi izučavanjem vojnih (ne)borbenih operacija s jedne strane, kao i, s druge strane, praksom pripreme i izvođenja operacija. Empirija ukazuje na praktične modele rešavanja operativnih zadataka - operacija. U vojnoj praksi rešavanja problema operacije i usmeravanja njenog toka, primenjivali su se i još uvek se koriste opšteprihvaćeni koncepti menadžmenta, gde se u zavisnosti od vrste operacije koristi odgovarajući koncept menadžmenta. Funkcije menadžmenta predviđanje, organizovanje, komandovanje, koordinacija i kontrola se najčešće koriste u klasičnim vojnim operacijama. U modernim operacijama najpodesniji su neoklasični i savremeni pristupi menadžmenta (npr. sistemski, situacioni pristup...), koji uviđaju važnost proučavanja međusobne povezanosti planiranja, organizovanja, vođenja i kontrole. U postmodernim operacijama, sve više se koristi pristup projektnog menadžmenta sa funkcijama: postavljanje cilja, planiranje, organizacija, vođenje i kontrola. Ovaj pristup polazi od činjenice da se u rešavanju savremenih bezbednosnih i problema odbrane vojnim akcijama i operacijama, svaka operacija 'kroji po meri', tj. iznova dizajnira (oblikuje) organizacija i kreira sistem za njeno rešavanje, te da podrazumeva sasvim konkretne sposobnosti i kompetencije menadžmenta i organizacije kao celine. Savremeni pristup rešavanja operativnih problema i zadataka u operacijama objedinjava pojmove, načela, tehnike i znanje iz drugih područja i naučnih menadžment pristupa, poput projektnog menadžmenta. Kako je vojna operacija u savremenim uslovima uvek izvan rutinski poduhvat i novi projekat, i izvodi se u uslovima ograničenih resursa, operatika treba da eklektički koristi saznanja menadžment nauke, te tako i projektnog menadžmenta, a radi optimizacije procesa planiranja i upravljanja vojnim operacijama. Na taj način se obezbeđuje da se efektivno i efikasno realizuju određene aktivnosti u njenom toku, odnosno u pojedinim fazama operacije u skladu sa teorijom Operatike i Doktrinom operacija Vojske Srbije.
Abstract
Using the scientific defining criteria, operatic could be defined as one of the orthodox sciences of defense, which deals with the military combat (non-combat) operations on one hand, and the practice of preparing and conducting operations (military doctrinal approach)on the other. Experience points to the other practical models of solving operational tasks - operations. In the military when the problem in the operation should be solved and its course directed widely accepted concepts of management have been applied and in different operations different management concepts are used. Management functions-prediction, organization, command, coordination and control are commonly used in conventional military operations. In the modern operations neoclassical and modern management approaches are better suited (e.g., systemic, situational approach ...), that realize the importance of studying the interconnectedness of planning, organizing, leading and control. In the postmodern operations the following project management functions are being increasingly used: setting goals, planning, organization, conducting and control. This approach is based on the fact that in dealing with contemporary issues of security and defense by military actions and operations, each operation ‘is tailored by its measures’, i.e. its organization is re-designed (shaped) and its resolution system created and which requires very specific skills and competencies of the management and organization as a whole. Accordingly, the modern approach of solving operational problems and tasks in operations integrates concepts, principles, techniques, and knowledge from other scientific areas and management approaches, such as project management. As military operation in the contemporary conditions is always out of routine undertaking, a new project, and it is performed under conditions of limited resources, operatic needs to use an eclectic knowledge of management science and, hence, project management, in order to optimize the planning and management of military operations. In this way, effective and efficient implementation of specific activities is ensured in progress, or in some phases of the operation in accordance with the Doctrine of operations of Serbian Armed Forces.
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