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2000, vol. 7, br. 1-2, str. 21-28
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Adaptabilnost i stabilnost genotipa
Genotype adaptability and stability
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Departman za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Katedra za genetiku i oplemenjivanje biljaka
Sažetak
U programima oplemenjivanja je poželjno daje reakcija genotipova na varijaciju faktora spoljne sredine što manja, sa ciljem da bi se što bolje iskoristio genetički potencijala prinos. Ovo tim pre što prinosi po sezonama, zbog sve većih vremenskih kolebanja, veoma variraju. Izučavanjem odnosa genotipova i ekoloških faktora je stvoreno mnogo matematičkih modela, mada ponašanje svakog genolipa u različitim uslovima spoljne sredine još uvek nije precizno definisano. Izvori varijabilnosti koji utiču na ponašanje genotipova u navedenim uslovima su interakcija genotip/spoljna sredina, tj. genetička osnova svakog organizma i agroekološki uslovi. Oni su važni vri određivanju regiona gajenja u kojima bi određeni genotip dao svoj maksimum, kao i za selekciju genotipova koji bi svojim potencijalima najbolje odgovorili agrotehničkim, ekološkim i ekonomskim zahtevima regiona. Pri izučavanju interakcije genotip/spoljna sredina, koriste se dva pojma - stabilnost, kao sposobnost genotipova da uvek daju ujednačen prinos bez obzira na delovanje uslova spoljne sredine i adaptabilnost, kao sposobnost sorte da ostvari stabilan i visok prinos u različitim uslovima spoljne sredine. Većina modela koji se bave izučavanjem pojma stabilnosti i adaptabilnosti se baziraju na izvorima varijacije nastalim pod dejstvom tretmana i slučajnih efekata, koji mogu da se identifikuju kao slučajni i fiksni. Međutim, bez obzira kuji statistički model za procenu interakcije genotip/spoljna sredina se koristi, određeni naučnici ukazuju da još uvek ne postoji dovoljno dokaza o lome da su dobijem stabilni genotipovi u programima oplemenjivanja, što otvara prostor u budućim istraživanjima. Postavljaju se pitanja same definicije osnovnih pojmova, tretiranja izvora varijacije, upotrebne vrednosti postojećih modelu, kao i interpretacije rezultata.
Abstract
One of the primary concerns in breeding programs is a small genotype reaction to environmental factor variation for better usage of yield genetic potential. Particularly if one takes in consideration that yield could van greatly because of more and more variable meteorological conditions. Studies conducted to observe genotype and environmental relations relay on numerous mathematical models, but genotype behavior in various ecological conditions is not, still, precisely defined Major sources of variation influencing genotype behavior in different environments are genotype/environment interaction, genetic background and environmental conditions. These factors could play an important role in establishing growth regions for maximal realization of genotype genetic potential, as well as in selection of genotypes having better response to complex requirements of particular growth region. Stability, the genotype ability to perform high, uniform yield no meter of different environmental conditions, and adaptability, genotype ability to give uniform yield in a different environmental conditions, are two common terms used to define genotype reaction in a consequence of environmental changes. Most of the models dealing with stability and adaptability are based on variation sources appearing under the influence of treatment, multivariate effects and residue. No meter which statistical model is used for GE interaction estimation, there is an opinion that no solid proof for the existence of stable genotypes obtained in breeding programs, which make some space for further investigations. There are still questions to answer dealing with definitions, sources of variation, usage value of existent models and interpretation of the results.
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