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2005, vol. 20, br. 2, str. 79-88
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Seme kao izvor primarnog inokuluma za nastanak bakterioza povrća i integrisane mere zaštite
Seed as source of primary inoculum for originate bacterial diseases of vegetable and integrated pest management
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Srbija
Sažetak
Bakterioze, u uslovima savremene povrtarske proizvodnje, imaju veliki ekonomski značaj. Najveće gubitke u prinosu, prouzrokuju Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria na paradajzu i paprici, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato na paradajzu, X. c. pv.phaseoli i Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola na pasulju i boraniji, P. s. pv. lachrimans na biljkama iz familije Cucurbitaceae, X. c. pv. campestris na biljkama iz familije Brassicaceae i Erwinia, grupa "carotovora", izrazito polifagna bakterija. Osnovni izvor primarnog inokuluma za nastanak bakterioza na povrću je seme. Vrlo nizak procenat zaraze semena, 0.1-0.01% pri povoljnim vremenskim uslovima, može prouzrokovati epidemiju. Za detekciju bakterija na semenu koriste se direktne i indirektne metode. Jedna od najjednostavnijih direktnih metoda je uzgajanje biljčica i praćenje pojave simptoma. Indirektne metode se zasnivaju na utvrđivanju bakterija u ekstraktu semena. Postupak detekcije bakterija izvodi se inokulacijom biljaka ekstraktom semena, zasejavanjem ekstrakta na hranljive (selektivne) podloge i direktno iz ekstrakta semena primenom savremenih metoda identifikacije (ELISA, IF, PCR i si). Fitopatogene bakterije se teško suzbijaju. Osnovnu strategiju čine preventivne mere zaštite; zdravo seme, odgovarajući plodored i preventivno tretiranje biljaka preparatima sa baktericidnim delovanjem. Za dezinfekciju semena najčešće se koristi topla voda (endogene zaraze) i natrijumhpohlorit ili streptomicin (egzogene zaraze), a za zaštitu biljaka u polju, bakarni preparati, sami ili u kombinaciji sa nekim od ditiokarbamata (maneb, mankozeb ili dr). Prema novijim literaturnim podacima, biološke i neke alternativne metode (aktivatori otpornosti), ukazuju na potencijalnu strategiju za efikasno suzbijanje X. c. pv. vesicatoria.
Abstract
Bacterial diseases are economic important in contemporary conditions of vegetables production. The most losses cause Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato and pepper, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato X. c. pv. phaseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola on bean and snap bean, P. s. pv. lachhmans on plants fromfamily Cucurbitaceae, X. c. pv. campestris on plants from family Brassicacea and Erwinia, group "caroto-vora" especially polyphage bacterium. The most important source of primary inoculum for bacterial diseases is seed. Very low percent infection of seed as 0.1-0.01% are able to cause epidemic in convenient conditions. For detection bacteria on seed are used direct and indirect methods. One of the most simple direct methods is "grow-ing-on" plants and notice of symptoms. The indirect methods are based on investigations bacteria in seed extract. Procedures of detection were carried out by inoculation of plants with seed extract, seeded of extract on selective medium and directly from seed extract, by rapid, contemporary methods for identification (ELI5A, IF, PCR etc). Control of plant pathogenic bacteria is not easy. General strategy are preventive measure: healthy seed, two or three rotation crops and preventive sprayng of plants with bactericide preparations. For desinfection of seed the most frequent method is hot-water (endogenous infection) and natrium-hipohlorit or streptomycin (exogenous infection) and for sprayng of plants in field, copper preparations in combination with of some dithiocarbamate (maneb or mancozeb). According to new literature data biological and other alternative methods (Systemic Acquired Resistace - SAR Inducers), direct attention to potential strategy for effective control of X. c. pv. vesicatoria.
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